ArticleJournal of general internal medicine2023
Association Between Diabetes Severity and Risks of COVID-19 Infection and Outcomes.
Article in Journal of general internal medicine, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 13 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
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Who cites it
13 citing papers in PubMed.
- Effect of Baseline HbA1c and Inpatient Glycemic Control on Mortality and Organ Dysfunction among Patients with Diabetes Mellitus Hospitalized for COVID-19: A Multicenter Retrospective Cohort Study.Journal of the ASEAN Federation of Endocrine Societies · 2026Article
- Pre-pandemic diabetes and risk of long COVID: longitudinal evidence.Journal of diabetes and metabolic disorders · 2025Article
- The Role of Glycemic Control in Inflammation Markers and Clinical Outcomes in Type 2 Diabetes Patients with Severe COVID-19.Biomedicines · 2025Article
- Comorbidities and Severe COVID-19 Outcomes: A Retrospective Analysis of Hospitalized Patients in Three Counties in Romania.Microorganisms · 2025Article
- Bronchoalveolar lavage single-cell transcriptomics reveals immune dysregulations driving COVID-19 severity.PloS one · 2025Article
- The Functions of SARS-CoV-2 Receptors in Diabetes-Related Severe COVID-19.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Review
- Evaluating the Utility of Clinical Scores APACHE, CURB, SOFA, and NEWS2 at Admission and 5-Days after Symptom Onset in Predicting Severe COVID-19 in Patients with Diabetes.Journal of personalized medicine · 2024Article
- Independent Risk Factors and Mortality Implications of De Novo Central Nervous System Involvement in Patients Hospitalized with Severe COVID-19: A Retrospective Cohort Study.Journal of clinical medicine · 2024Article
- Association of Premorbid GLP-1RA and SGLT-2i Prescription Alone and in Combination with COVID-19 Severity.Diabetes therapy : research, treatment and education of diabetes and related disorders · 2024Article
- Diabetes Mellitus, Energy Metabolism, and COVID-19.Endocrine reviews · 2024Review
- Impact of community health workers on diabetes management in an urban United States Community with high diabetes burden through the COVID pandemic.Preventive medicine reports · 2024Article
- A Scoping Review and Assessment of the Area-Level Composite Measures That Estimate Social Determinants of Health Across the United States.Public health reports (Washington, D.C. : 1974)Article
- Addressing common sources of bias in studies of new-onset type 2 diabetes following COVID that use electronic health record data.Diabetes epidemiology and managementArticle
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
13 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundLittle is known about whether diabetes increases the risk of COVID-19 infection and whether measures of diabetes severity are related to COVID-19 outcomes.
objectiveInvestigate diabetes severity measures as potential risk factors for COVID-19 infection and COVID-19 outcomes. DESIGN, PARTICIPANTS, MEASURES: In integrated healthcare systems in Colorado, Oregon, and Washington, we identified a cohort of adults on February 29, 2020 (n = 1,086,918) and conducted follow-up through February 28, 2021. Electronic health data and death certificates were used to identify markers of diabetes severity, covariates, and outcomes. Outcomes were COVID-19 infection (positive nucleic acid antigen test, COVID-19 hospitalization, or COVID-19 death) and severe COVID-19 (invasive mechanical ventilation or COVID-19 death). Individuals with diabetes (n = 142,340) and categories of diabetes severity measures were compared with a referent group with no diabetes (n = 944,578), adjusting for demographic variables, neighborhood deprivation index, body mass index, and comorbidities.
resultsOf 30,935 patients with COVID-19 infection, 996 met the criteria for severe COVID-19. Type 1 (odds ratio [OR] 1.41, 95% CI 1.27-1.57) and type 2 diabetes (OR 1.27, 95% CI 1.23-1.31) were associated with increased risk of COVID-19 infection. Insulin treatment was associated with greater COVID-19 infection risk (OR 1.43, 95% CI 1.34-1.52) than treatment with non-insulin drugs (OR 1.26, 95% 1.20-1.33) or no treatment (OR 1.24; 1.18-1.29). The relationship between glycemic control and COVID-19 infection risk was dose-dependent: from an OR of 1.21 (95% CI 1.15-1.26) for hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) < 7% to an OR of 1.62 (95% CI 1.51-1.75) for HbA1c ≥ 9%. Risk factors for severe COVID-19 were type 1 diabetes (OR 2.87; 95% CI 1.99-4.15), type 2 diabetes (OR 1.80; 95% CI 1.55-2.09), insulin treatment (OR 2.65; 95% CI 2.13-3.28), and HbA1c ≥ 9% (OR 2.61; 95% CI 1.94-3.52).
conclusionsDiabetes and greater diabetes severity were associated with increased risks of COVID-19 infection and worse COVID-19 outcomes.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.