ArticleFrontiers in psychiatry2022
Causal discovery replicates symptomatic and functional interrelations of posttraumatic stress across five patient populations.
Article in Frontiers in psychiatry, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 5 papers.
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Who cites it
5 citing papers in PubMed.
- Longitudinal Study on Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder, Anxiety, and Depression Among Medical Staff in China.Health care science · 2026Article
- Causal Discovery in Observational Medical Research: Scoping Review.JMIR medical informatics · 2026Article
- Causal discovery methods in psychological research: Foundations, algorithms, and a practical tutorial in R.Behavior research methods · 2026Review
- An ecological momentary assessment of the dynamic relationship between microaggression, idea of reference and affects in patients with first-episode psychosis.BMC psychiatry · 2025Article
- Post-traumatic stress and genetic interactions affect tobacco and alcohol use after trauma: findings from a multi-ancestry cohort.Translational psychiatry · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
8 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Introduction: Approximately half of individuals with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) may meet criteria for other psychiatric disorders, and PTSD symptoms are associated with diminished health and psychosocial functioning. However, few studies examine the longitudinal progression of PTSD symptoms concurrent with related symptom domains and functional outcomes, such that may neglect important longitudinal patterns of symptom progression beyond PTSD specifically. Methods: Therefore, we used longitudinal causal discovery analysis to examine the longitudinal interrelations among PTSD symptoms, depressive symptoms, substance abuse, and various other domains of functioning in five longitudinal cohorts representing veterans ( Results: The analyses revealed consistent, directed associations from PTSD symptoms to depressive symptoms, independent longitudinal trajectories of substance use problems, and cascading indirect relations from PTSD symptoms to social functioning through depression as well as direct relations from PTSD symptoms to TBI outcomes. Discussion: Our findings suggest PTSD symptoms primarily drive depressive symptoms over time, tend to show independence from substance use symptoms, and may cascade into impairment in other domains. The results have implications for refining conceptualization of PTSD co-morbidity and can inform prognostic and treatment hypotheses about individuals experiencing PTSD symptoms along with co-occurring distress or impairment.
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