ReviewFrontiers in immunology2023
Sex-disaggregated outcomes of adverse events after COVID-19 vaccination: A Dutch cohort study and review of the literature.
Review in Frontiers in immunology, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 26 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
26 citing papers in PubMed.
- Safety profile following mRNA-1273 COVID-19 primary vaccination in healthy adults in Indonesia.Global epidemiology · 2026Article
- Factors Associated With Self-Medication to Mitigate Vaccine Reactions After COVID-19 Vaccination: A Prospective Cohort Study.Pharmacoepidemiology and drug safety · 2026Article
- Progressive Dissociation Between Reactogenicity and Immunogenicity After Four-Dose BNT162b2 Vaccination: A 36-Month Longitudinal Study.Vaccines · 2026Article
- Factors associated with serious adverse event following immunization: a real-world analysis of the vaccine adverse event reporting system 2025.Frontiers in public health · 2026Article
- Post-marketing safety surveillance of tetanus, diphtheria, and acellular pertussis (Tdap) vaccine: a disproportionality analysis of the vaccine adverse event reporting system (2015-2025).Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2026Article
- Neutralizing antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 of vaccinated healthcare workers in Taiwan.Annals of medicine · 2025Observational
- National Pharmacovigilance Assessment of Oral Adverse Events Following COVID-19 Vaccination in Germany (2020-2023).International dental journal · 2025Article
- Article
- Identification of novel genetic biomarkers for ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 mediated immunogenicity.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Article
- A national pharmacovigilance centre perspective on pandemic preparedness -Frontiers in drug safety and regulation · 2025Article
- Serious adverse events following immunization and predictors of mortality associated with COVID-19 vaccination in India: a secondary data analysis of nationwide causality assessments.Therapeutic advances in vaccines and immunotherapy · 2025Article
- Nuvaxovid NVX-CoV2373 vaccine safety profile: real-world data evidence after 100,000 doses, Australia, 2022 to 2023.Euro surveillance : bulletin Europeen sur les maladies transmissibles = European communicable disease bulletin · 2024Observational
- Reported Adverse Events and Associated Factors in Korean Coronavirus Disease 2019 Vaccinations.Journal of Korean medical science · 2024Article
- Impact of Comorbidities and Skin Diseases on Post-Vaccination Reactions: A Study on COVID-19 Vaccinations in Poland.Journal of clinical medicine · 2024Article
- What is the Safety of COVID-19 Vaccines in Immunocompromised Patients? Results from the European "Covid Vaccine Monitor" Active Surveillance Study.Drug safety · 2024Article
- Sex differences in symptoms following the administration of BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 vaccine in children below 5 years of age in Germany (CoVacU5): a retrospective cohort study.Biology of sex differences · 2024Article
- Sex and gender differences in adverse events following influenza and COVID-19 vaccination.Biology of sex differences · 2024Article
- Observational
- Article
- Short-term side effects of BNT162b2 vaccine in primary care settings in Qatar: a retrospective study.Frontiers in public health · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
8 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Background: Albeit the need for sex-disaggregated results of adverse events after immunization (AEFIs) is gaining attention since the COVID-19 pandemic, studies with emphasis on sexual dimorphism in response to COVID-19 vaccination are relatively scarce. This prospective cohort study aimed to assess differences in the incidence and course of reported AEFIs after COVID-19 vaccination between males and females in the Netherlands and provides a summary of sex-disaggregated outcomes in published literature. Methods: Patient reported outcomes of AEFIs over a six month period following the first vaccination with BioNTech-Pfizer, AstraZeneca, Moderna or the Johnson&Johnson vaccine were collected in a Cohort Event Monitoring study. Logistic regression was used to assess differences in incidence of 'any AEFI', local reactions and the top ten most reported AEFIs between the sexes. Effects of age, vaccine brand, comorbidities, prior COVID-19 infection and the use of antipyretic drugs were analyzed as well. Also, time-to-onset, time-to-recovery and perceived burden of AEFIs was compared between the sexes. Third, a literature review was done to retrieve sex-disaggregated outcomes of COVID-19 vaccination. Results: The cohort included 27,540 vaccinees (38.5% males). Females showed around two-fold higher odds of having any AEFI as compared to males with most pronounced differences after the first dose and for nausea and injection site inflammation. Age was inversely associated with AEFI incidence, whereas a prior COVID-19 infection, the use of antipyretic drugs and several comorbidities were positively associated. The perceived burden of AEFIs and time-to-recovery were slightly higher in females. Discussion: The results of this large cohort study correspond to existing evidence and contribute to the knowledge gain necessary to disentangle the magnitude of the effect sex in response to vaccination. Whilst females have a significant higher probability of experiencing an AEFI than males, we observed that the course and burden is only to a minor extent different between the sexes.
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