ArticleProceedings of SPIE--the International Society for Optical Engineering
A low-cost PVC-based dual-modality kidney phantom.
Article in Proceedings of SPIE--the International Society for Optical Engineering. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
3 citing papers in PubMed, 4 citations in OpenAlex.
- Development of an anthropomorphic ultrasound face phantom for training in cosmetic and aesthetic procedures.Physical and engineering sciences in medicine · 2026Article
- Characterization of soft tissue-mimicking materials for ultrasound training phantoms.Journal of materials science. Materials in medicine · 2026Article
- A Fast and Interactive Augmented Reality System for PET/CT-guided Intervention of Neuroblastoma.Proceedings of SPIE--the International Society for Optical Engineering · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Phantoms are invaluable tools broadly used for research and training purposes designed to mimic tissues and structures in the body. In this paper, polyvinyl chloride (PVC)-plasticizer and silicone rubbers were explored as economical materials to reliably create long-lasting, realistic kidney phantoms with contrast under both ultrasound (US) and X-ray imaging. The radiodensity properties of varying formulations of soft PVC-based gels were characterized to allow adjustable image intensity and contrast. Using this data, a phantom creation workflow was established which can be easily adapted to match radiodensity values of other organs and soft tissues in the body. Internal kidney structures such as the medulla and ureter were created using a two-part molding process to allow greater phantom customization. The kidney phantoms were imaged under US and X-ray scanners to compare the contrast enhancement of a PVC-based medulla versus a silicone-based medulla. Silicone was found to have higher attenuation than plastic under X-ray imaging, but poor quality under US imaging. PVC was found to exhibit good contrast under X-ray imaging and excellent performance for US imaging. Finally, the durability and shelf life of our PVC-based phantoms were observed to be vastly superior to that of common agar-based phantoms. The work presented here allows extended periods of usage and storage for each kidney phantom while simultaneously preserving anatomical detail, contrast under dual-modality imaging, and low cost of materials.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.