ArticleJournal of adolescence2023
School start time delays and high school educational outcomes: Evidence from the START/LEARN study.
Article in Journal of adolescence, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 11 papers.
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Who cites it
11 citing papers in PubMed.
- A one-hour delayed school start improves sleep, sleepiness and inhibitory control in early adolescents in a randomized controlled trial.Scientific reports · 2026Trial
- Sleep Is Integral to School Health and Adolescent Wellbeing: An Evidence-Based Call to Action.The Journal of school health · 2026Review
- Real-World Effects of Melanopic-Enhanced Classroom Lighting on Sleep, Mood, and Cognition in Male Korean Adolescents: A Field-Based Pilot Study.Clocks & sleep · 2026Article
- Bedroom environment and parental awareness surrounding junior and high school students: a parent survey study.Sleep and biological rhythms · 2026Article
- Discursive visibility of physical activity in school time reform: an analysis of district education bureaus' official media narratives.Frontiers in public health · 2026Article
- The interplay between ADHD and school shift on educational outcomes in children and adolescents: a cross-sectional and longitudinal analysis.European child & adolescent psychiatry · 2025Article
- Sleep restriction impairs item memory discrimination but not general recognition in young adolescents.Sleep advances : a journal of the Sleep Research Society · 2025Article
- Time in School: A Conceptual Framework, Synthesis of the Causal Research, and Empirical Exploration.American educational research journal · 2024Article
- Do later school start times improve adolescents' sleep and substance use? A quasi-experimental study.Preventive medicine · 2024Article
- Impact of delaying high school start times on weight and related behaviors - the START study.Preventive medicine · 2023Article
- The Impact of Delayed School Start Times During COVID-19 on Academic Performance: A Longitudinal Naturalistic Study in Italian High Schools.Nature and science of sleep · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
Abstract
introductionDelaying high school start times extends adolescents' nightly sleep, but it is less clear how it affects educational outcomes. We expect links between school start time delays and academic performance because getting enough sleep is a key input to the cognitive, health, and behavioral factors necessary for educational success. Thus, we evaluated how educational outcomes changed in the 2 years following a school start time delay.
methodsWe analyzed 2153 adolescents (51% male, 49% female; mean age 15 at baseline) from START/LEARN, a cohort study of high school students in the Minneapolis-St. Paul, MN, USA metropolitan area. Adolescents experienced either a school start time delay ("policy change schools") or consistently early school start times ("comparison schools"). We compared patterns of late arrivals, absences, behavior referrals, and grade point average (GPA) 1 year before (baseline, 2015-2016) and 2 years after (follow-up 1, 2016-2017 and follow-up 2, 2017-2018) the policy change using a difference-in-differences analysis.
resultsA school start time delay of 50-65 min led to three fewer late arrivals, one fewer absence, a 14% lower probability of behavior referral, and 0.07-0.17 higher GPA in policy change schools versus comparison schools. Effects were larger in the 2nd year of follow-up than in the 1st year of follow-up, and differences in absences and GPA emerged in the second year of follow-up only.
conclusionsDelaying high school start times is a promising policy intervention not only for improving sleep and health but for improving adolescents' performance in school.
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