ArticleJournal of translational medicine2023
Tumor-associated macrophages and Tregs influence and represent immune cell infiltration of muscle-invasive bladder cancer and predict prognosis.
Article in Journal of translational medicine, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 28 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
28 citing papers in PubMed, 48 citations in OpenAlex.
- Trial
- The M1/M2 Test System for Determining Macrophage Phenotypes.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- MXRA8, a key palmitoylation-related gene, promotes bladder cancer progression via remodeling tumor microenvironment and predicts poor prognosis.BMC urology · 2026Article
- Regulatory T cells in the bladder cancer tumor microenvironment: mechanisms of immune suppression and therapeutic opportunities.Frontiers in molecular biosciences · 2026Review
- Integrative multiomic and immune profiling of lung adenocarcinoma: molecular landscapes, gene expression, and treatment response insights.The oncologist · 2025Article
- Article
- [Pirfenidone inhibits bladder cancer xenograft growth in mice by regulating regulatory T cells].Nan fang yi ke da xue xue bao = Journal of Southern Medical University · 2025Article
- Investigating the Genetic Links Between Immune Cell Profiles and Bladder Cancer: A Multidisciplinary Bioinformatics Approach.Biomedicines · 2025Article
- The Role of Tregs in the Tumor Microenvironment.Biomedicines · 2025Review
- Prognostic significance of cytotoxic-T-lymphocytes to immunosuppressive lymphocytes ratio (CIL) in laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma.Cancer immunology, immunotherapy : CII · 2025Article
- Mechanistic insights into PROS1 inhibition of bladder cancer progression and angiogenesis via the AKT/GSK3β/β-catenin pathway.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- A regularized Bayesian Dirichlet-multinomial regression model for integrating single-cell-level omics and patient-level clinical study data.Biometrics · 2025Article
- Nucleotide variation in Foxp3 gene and prognosis of bladder cancer: a case-control study.Frontiers in oncology · 2025Article
- Key immune cells and their crosstalk in the tumor microenvironment of bladder cancer: insights for innovative therapies.Exploration of targeted anti-tumor therapy · 2025Review
- Advances in the immunological microenvironment and immunotherapy of bladder cancer.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
- Neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy plus programmed cell death protein-1 blockade versus chemoradiotherapy alone for muscle-invasive bladder cancer: a real-world comparative study.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Article
- Adenosine signaling in tumor-associated macrophages and targeting adenosine signaling for cancer therapy.Cancer biology & medicine · 2024Review
- [Rare tumors and tumor types of the urinary system in the 5th edition of the WHO classification 2022].Pathologie (Heidelberg, Germany) · 2024Article
- A Regularized Bayesian Dirichlet-multinomial Regression Model for Integrating Single-cell-level Omics and Patient-level Clinical Study Data.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2024Article
- IL-8 Instructs Macrophage Identity in Lateral Ventricle Contacting Glioblastoma.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
9 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
INTRODUCTION AND
objectiveMuscle-invasive urothelial bladder cancer (MIBC) is associated with limited response rates to systemic therapy, risk of recurrence and death. Tumor infiltrating immune cells have been associated with outcome and response to chemo-and immunotherapy in MIBC. We aimed to profile the immune cells in the tumor microenvironment (TME) to predict prognosis in MIBC and responses to adjuvant chemotherapy.
methodsWe performed multiplex immunohistochemistry (IHC) profiling and quantification of immune and stromal cells (CD3, CD4, CD8, CD163, FoxP3, PD-1, and CD45, Vimentin, αSMA, PD-L1, Pan-Cytokeratin, Ki67) in 101 patients with MIBC receiving radical cystectomy. We used uni- and multivariate survival analyses to identify cell types predicting prognosis. Samples were subdivided using K-means clustering for Treg and macrophage infiltration resulting in 3 clusters, Cluster 1: Treg high, cluster 2: macrophage high, cluster 3: Treg and macrophage low. Routine CD68 and CD163 IHC were analyzed with QuPath in an extended cohort of 141 MIBC.
resultsHigh concentrations of macrophages were associated with increased risk of death (HR 10.9, 95% CI 2.8-40.5; p < 0.001) and high concentrations of Tregs were associated with decreased risk of death (HR 0.1, 95% CI 0.01-0.7; p = 0.03) in the multivariate Cox-regression model adjusting for adjuvant chemotherapy, tumor and lymph node stage. Patients in the macrophage rich cluster (2) showed the worst OS with and without adjuvant chemotherapy. The Treg rich cluster (1) showed high levels of effector and proliferating immune cells and had the best survival. Cluster 1 and 2 both were rich in PD-1 and PD-L1 expression on tumor and immune cells.
conclusionTreg and macrophage concentrations in MIBC are independent predictors of prognosis and are important players in the TME. Standard IHC with CD163 for macrophages is feasible to predict prognosis but validation to use immune-cell infiltration, especially to predict response to systemic therapies, is required.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.