Evidence map›Paper›PMID 36792094›Full record

ArticleThe world journal of men's health2023

Worldwide Temporal Trends in Penile Length: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Federico Belladelli, Francesco Del Giudice, Frank Glover, Evan Mulloy, Wade Muncey, Satvir Basran, Giuseppe Fallara, Edoardo Pozzi, Francesco Montorsi, Andrea Salonia and 1 more

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in The world journal of men's health, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 7 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
7citing papers in PubMed, 1 pooled it
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

7 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.

  1. Pooled it
  2. Reference values for Japanese fetal penile length.Journal of medical ultrasonics (2001) · 2026
    Article
  3. Article
  4. Article
  5. Article
  6. Review
  7. Penile Length can be Estimated by the Foot-Length? Study in Human Fetuses with Neural Tube Defects.International braz j urol : official journal of the Brazilian Society of Urology
    Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

11 authors.

Federico BelladelliDivision of Experimental Oncology/Unit of Urology, URI, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2165-659X
Francesco Del GiudiceDepartment of Urology, University Sapienza, Rome, Italy.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3865-5988
Frank GloverGangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2940-8689
Evan MulloyDepartment of Urology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3127-4587
Wade MunceyDepartment of Urology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8323-7094
Satvir BasranDepartment of Urology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4744-2853
Giuseppe FallaraDivision of Experimental Oncology/Unit of Urology, URI, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7872-2650
Edoardo PozziDivision of Experimental Oncology/Unit of Urology, URI, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0228-7039
Francesco MontorsiDivision of Experimental Oncology/Unit of Urology, URI, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy.
Andrea SaloniaDivision of Experimental Oncology/Unit of Urology, URI, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0595-7165
Michael L EisenbergDepartment of Urology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA. eisenberg@stanford.edu.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5482-0141

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

purposeNormative male genital measurements are clinically useful and temporal changes would have important implications. The aim of the present study is to characterize the trend of worldwide penile length over time. MATERIALS AND

methodsA systematic review and meta-analysis using papers from PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Library from inception to April 2022 was performed. PRISMA guidelines were used for abstracting data and assessing data quality and validity. Pooled means and standard deviations for flaccid, stretched, and erect length were obtained. Subgroup analyses were performed by looking at differences in the region of origin, population type, and the decade of publication. Metaregression analyses were to adjusted for potential confounders.

resultsSeventy-five studies published between 1942 and 2021 were evaluated including data from 55,761 men. The pooled mean length estimates were flaccid length: 8.70 cm (95% CI, 8.16-9.23), stretched length: 12.93 cm (95% CI, 12.48-13.39), and erect length: 13.93 cm (95% CI, 13.20-14.65). All measurements showed variation by geographic region. Erect length increased significantly over time (QM=4.49, df=2, p=0.04) in several regions of the world and across all age groups, while no trends were identified in other penile size measurements. After adjusting for geographic region, subject age, and subject population; erect penile length increased 24% over the past 29 years.

conclusionsThe average erect penis length has increased over the past three decades across the world. Given the significant implications, attention to potential causes should be investigated.

Indexed as

AnatomyHormonesMeta-analysisPenis

Identifiers

PMID36792094
PMCPMC10523114

What OpenQuestion holds

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.