ArticleOphthalmology and therapy2023
Novel Insights in the Management of Vernal Keratoconjunctivitis (VKC): European Expert Consensus Using a Modified Nominal Group Technique.
Article in Ophthalmology and therapy, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 8 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
8 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 24 citations in OpenAlex.
- Vernal Keratoconjunctivitis: A Systematic Review.Clinical reviews in allergy & immunology · 2023Pooled it
- Pediatric Vernal Keratoconjunctivitis (VKC): Current State and Future Directions-A Narrative Review of Clinical Features, Diagnostic Strategies, and Emerging Therapies.Children (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Predictive Factors of Suboptimal Response to Topical 0.1% Cyclosporine A Cationic Emulsion in Pediatric Vernal Keratoconjunctivitis: A Real-World Retrospective Study.Ophthalmology and therapy · 2025Article
- Evaluating the Efficacy of Artificial Intelligence-Driven Chatbots in Addressing Queries on Vernal Conjunctivitis.Cureus · 2025Article
- Prioritising the Burden of Geographic Atrophy and Treatment Expectations: A Modified Nominal Group Technique Study with International Patient-Led Organisations.Clinical ophthalmology (Auckland, N.Z.) · 2025Article
- Seeing eye to eye: a modified Delphi method-based multidisciplinary expert consensus on the diagnosis and treatment of vernal keratoconjunctivitis.European journal of pediatrics · 2024Article
- Vernal Keratoconjunctivitis: Immunopathological Insights and Therapeutic Applications of Immunomodulators.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Review
- Vernal keratoconjunctivitis in adults: a narrative review of prevalence, pathogenesis, and management.Frontiers in ophthalmology · 2024Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
8 authors at 7 institutions in 6 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
introductionVernal keratoconjunctivitis (VKC) is a rare, severe allergic ocular disease, typically occurring in children and adolescents, that can have a significant impact on quality of life and lead to visual impairment. Long-term treatment may be necessary to tackle chronic inflammation and topical corticosteroid dependency must be minimised due to the risk of complications. There is a need for unified clinical guidance to aid the assessment, diagnosis and management of VKC across Europe. The aim of this expert panel (the EUR-VKC Group) was to provide clear guidance for primary care physicians and general ophthalmologists involved in the diagnosis and management of VKC.
methodsAn expert group of seven European ophthalmologists was convened and a modified nominal group technique used to develop key recommendations on VKC management. The recommendations were subject to up to two rounds of voting using a 5-point Likert scale to ascertain consensus and the strength of each recommendation. Consensus was set at a predetermined threshold of ≥ 75.0% of experts selecting 'Strongly agree' or 'Agree'.
resultsA total of 47 recommendations were developed relating to the assessment of key of VKC, guidance on who and when to refer, as well as treatment-escalation pathways, long-term follow-up, and supportive care and education. All recommendations reached consensus after two rounds. The group emphasise how timely diagnosis and treatment initiation that is appropriate to disease severity are crucial to benefit patients with VKC. Patients with signs ('red flags') indicating severe VKC, or persistent mild-to-moderate VKC that is non-responsive following 2-4 weeks of treatment, should be referred to a sub-specialist.
conclusionThe EUR-VKC Group provides recommendations on the assessment, diagnosis, management, referral and follow-up of patients with VKC. It also provides a framework to facilitate collaboration between primary care physicians, general ophthalmologists and sub-specialists to improve the outcomes for patients with VKC.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.