SynthesisAlzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association2023
Sex differences in dementia risk and risk factors: Individual-participant data analysis using 21 cohorts across six continents from the COSMIC consortium.
Open access · hybridAbstract readMeta-Analysis
In one paragraph
Synthesis in Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 76 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
76citing papers in PubMed, 4 pooled it
30.6field-weighted citation impact, top 1% of its field
What it found
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The trial behind it
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Who cites it
76 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 111 citations in OpenAlex.
- Global ethnic disparities in cerebral small vessel disease imaging markers and vascular risk factors: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association · 2026Pooled it
- Migraine is a risk factor for dementia: a systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies.The journal of headache and pain · 2025Pooled it
- Male- and female-specific reproductive risk factors across the lifespan for dementia or cognitive decline: a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMC medicine · 2023Pooled it
- Sex differences in dementia risk and risk factors: Individual-participant data analysis using 21 cohorts across six continents from the COSMIC consortium.Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association · 2023Pooled it
- Brain patterns and risk factors in the FINGER RCT multimodal lifestyle intervention.The journal of prevention of Alzheimer's disease · 2025Trial
- Global and Medial Temporal MRI Morphometry in Alzheimer's Disease and Cognitively Normal Adults: A Retrospective Association Study.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- The Cog-Aging: a 15-year cohort study of cognition in Brazilian older adults.Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association · 2026Article
- Sleep quality is associated with default mode and salience network connectivity differently across age and sex.Neurobiology of aging · 2026Article
- Living in the United States Stroke Belt and cognitive change in the Women's Health Study: a cohort study.BMC neurology · 2026Observational
- Timing and Duration of Prediabetic Metabolic Dysfunction Differentially Impact Cerebral Perfusion, Vascular Structure, and Behavior.Journal of cardiovascular translational research · 2026Article
- The association of adverse childhood experiences and life course relationship quality with late-life cognitive health: Moderation by race/ethnicity and gender.Journal of Alzheimer's disease : JAD · 2026Article
- Disturbing dreams and dementia incidence across diverse cohort studies: A COSMIC collaboration study.Psychiatry and clinical neurosciences · 2026Article
- Causal effects of reproductive traits on cognitive function: A two-sample and multivariable mendelian randomization study.International journal of gynaecology and obstetrics: the official organ of the International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics · 2026Article
- Cognition in Chronic Heart Failure: Advancing Knowledge for Better Prevention Through Remote Assessment.CJC open · 2026Article
- Population attributable fractions of modifiable dementia risk factors in the Netherlands: a cross-sectional, time series analysis.EClinicalMedicine · 2026Article
- Sex differences in modifiable risk factors of dementia and their associations with cognition.Biology of sex differences · 2026Article
- Modification of Hospitalization Risk by Gender and Dementia Status Between the Ages of 85 and 95 in a German Cohort Based on Health Claims Data.BMC health services research · 2026Article
- A roadmap for conducting more inclusive research on brain resilience in ageing and dementia.Nature reviews. Neuroscience · 2026Review
- Decreased Length of Locus Coeruleus Norepinephrine Axons and Increased Amyloid Beta Pathology in Male APP/PS1 Mice During Protracted Abstinence From Alcohol.Neurotoxicity research · 2026Article
- Women's midlife: the front line of Alzheimer prevention.The Journal of clinical investigation · 2026Review
16 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
59 authors at 20 institutions in 17 countries.
Jessica GongThe George Institute for Global Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.
Katie HarrisThe George Institute for Global Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.
Darren M LipnickiCentre for Healthy Brain Ageing (CHeBA), Discipline of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, Australia.
Erico Castro-CostaCenter for Studies in Public Health and Aging Rene Rachou Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.
Maria Fernanda Lima-CostaCenter for Studies in Public Health and Aging Rene Rachou Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.
Breno S DinizUConn Center on Aging, Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut, USA.
Shifu XiaoDepartment of Geriatric Psychiatry, Shanghai Mental Health Centre, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
Richard B LiptonDepartment of Neurology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA.
Mindy J KatzDepartment of Neurology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA.
Cuiling WangDepartment of Epidemiology and Community Heath, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA.
Pierre-Marie PreuxInserm U1094, IRD U270, Univ. Limoges, CHU Limoges, EpiMaCT - Epidemiology of chronic diseases in tropical zone, Institute of Epidemiology and Tropical Neurology, OmegaHealth, Limoges, France.
Maëlenn GuerchetInserm U1094, IRD U270, Univ. Limoges, CHU Limoges, EpiMaCT - Epidemiology of chronic diseases in tropical zone, Institute of Epidemiology and Tropical Neurology, OmegaHealth, Limoges, France.
Antoine GbessemehlanInserm U1094, IRD U270, Univ. Limoges, CHU Limoges, EpiMaCT - Epidemiology of chronic diseases in tropical zone, Institute of Epidemiology and Tropical Neurology, OmegaHealth, Limoges, France.
Karen RitchieINM Institute for Neurosciences of Montpellier, Univ Montpellier, INSERM, Montpellier, France.
Marie-Laure AncelinINM Institute for Neurosciences of Montpellier, Univ Montpellier, INSERM, Montpellier, France.
Ingmar SkoogDepartment of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Center for Ageing and Health (Age Cap), University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
Jenna NajarDepartment of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Center for Ageing and Health (Age Cap), University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
Therese Rydberg SternerDepartment of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Center for Ageing and Health (Age Cap), University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
Nikolaos Scarmeas1st Department of Neurology, Aiginition Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece.
Mary YannakouliaDepartment of Nutrition and Dietetics, Harokopio University, Athens, Greece.
Mary H KosmidisLab of Cognitive Neuroscience, School of Psychology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece.
Antonio GuaitaGolgi Cenci Foundation, Abbiategrasso, Italy.
Elena RolandiGolgi Cenci Foundation, Abbiategrasso, Italy.
Annalisa DavinGolgi Cenci Foundation, Abbiategrasso, Italy.
Oye GurejeWHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Training in Mental Health, Neurosciences and Substance Abuse, Department of Psychiatry, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria.
Stella TrompetSection of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Department of Internal Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands.
Jacobijn GusseklooSection of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Department of Internal Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands.
Steffi Riedel-HellerInstitute of Social Medicine, Occupational Health and Public Health (ISAP), University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.
Alexander PabstInstitute of Social Medicine, Occupational Health and Public Health (ISAP), University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.
Susanne RöhrInstitute of Social Medicine, Occupational Health and Public Health (ISAP), University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.
Suzana ShaharCentre for Healthy Ageing and Wellness, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
Devinder Kaur Ajit SinghCentre for Healthy Ageing and Wellness, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
Nurul Fatin Malek RivanCentre for Healthy Ageing and Wellness, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
Martin van BoxtelAlzheimer Centrum Limburg, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands.
Sebastian KöhlerAlzheimer Centrum Limburg, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands.
Mary GanguliDepartment of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.
Chung-Chou ChangDepartment of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.
Erin JacobsenDepartment of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.
Mary HaanDepartment of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.
Ding DingInstitute of Neurology, National Center for Neurological Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Aging and Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
Qianhua ZhaoInstitute of Neurology, National Center for Neurological Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Aging and Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
Zhenxu XiaoInstitute of Neurology, National Center for Neurological Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Aging and Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
Kenji NarazakiCenter for Liberal Arts, Fukuoka Institute of Technology, Fukuoka, Japan.
Tao ChenSports and Health Research Center, Department of Physical Education, Tongji University, Shanghai, China.
Sanmei ChenGlobal Health Nursing, Department of Health Sciences, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan.
Tze Pin NgGerontology Research Programme, Department of Psychological Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Queenstown, Singapore.
Xinyi GweeGerontology Research Programme, Department of Psychological Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Queenstown, Singapore.
Katya NumbersCentre for Healthy Brain Ageing (CHeBA), Discipline of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, Australia.
Karen A MatherCentre for Healthy Brain Ageing (CHeBA), Discipline of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, Australia.
Marcia ScazufcaInstituto de Psiquiátria e LIM-23, Hospital da Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
Antonio LoboDepartment of Medicine and Psychiatry, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain.
Concepción De-la-CámaraDepartment of Medicine and Psychiatry, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain.
Elena LoboInstituto de Investigación Sanitaria Aragón (IIS Aragón), Zaragoza, Spain.
Perminder S SachdevCentre for Healthy Brain Ageing (CHeBA), Discipline of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, Australia.
Henry BrodatyCentre for Healthy Brain Ageing (CHeBA), Discipline of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, Australia.
Maree L HackettThe George Institute for Global Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.
Sanne A E PetersThe George Institute for Global Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.
Mark WoodwardThe George Institute for Global Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.
Cohort Studies of Memory in an International Consortium (COSMIC)
Department of Health and Aged Care · AUInserm · FRAlbert Einstein College of Medicine · USFudan University · CNLeipzig University · DEThe George Institute for Global Health · GBUniversidad de Zaragoza · ESUniversity Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre · MYUniversity of Gothenburg · SEUniversity of Pittsburgh · USFondazione Golgi Cenci · ITFundação Oswaldo Cruz · BRLeiden University Medical Center · NLMaastricht University · NLNational University of Singapore · SGAristotle University of Thessaloniki · GRFukuoka Institute of Technology · JPHarokopio University of Athens · GRHiroshima University · JPHospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo · BR
Funding
Vascular Structure and Function in Cognitive AgingP01AG003949 · NIA · YESHIVA UNIVERSITY · PI Richard B. LIPTON · 1985 to 2026
$73.9MSUPPLEMENT TO RUSH ALZHEIMERS DISEASE CENTER COREP30AG010161 · NIA · RUSH UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER · PI BENNETT, DAVID ALAN · 1991 to 2020
$49.1MEPIDEMIOLOGY OF NEURAL RESERVE AND NEUROBIOLOGY IN AGINGR01AG017917 · NIA · RUSH UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER · PI BENNETT, DAVID ALAN · 2001 to 2023
$43.3MRush Alzheimer's Disease Research CenterP30AG072975 · NIA · RUSH UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER · PI Lisa L Barnes, Julie A. Schneider · 2021 to 2026
$24.7MRISK FACTORS, PATHOLOGY, AND CLINICAL EXPRESSIONS OF ADR01AG015819 · NIA · RUSH UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER · PI BENNETT, DAVID ALAN · 1998 to 2024
$21.4MMild Cognitive Impairment: A Prospective Community StudyR37AG023651 · NIA · UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH AT PITTSBURGH · PI Carmen Andreescu, MARY GANGULI · 2021 to 2026
$18.2MMulti-omic network-directed proteoform discovery, dissection and functional validation to prioritize novel AD therapeutic targetsU01AG061356 · NIA · COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY HEALTH SCIENCES · PI BENNETT, DAVID ALAN, DE JAGER, PHILIP L · 2018 to 2022
$13.7MPathway discovery, validation and compound identification for Alzheimer's disease - SupplementU01AG046152 · NIA · COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY HEALTH SCIENCES · PI BENNETT, DAVID ALAN, DE JAGER, PHILIP L · 2013 to 2017
$13.6MA global epidemiology of cognitive impairment and dementia due to Alzheimer's disease and related disorders: the COSMIC CollaborationR01AG057531 · NIA · UNIVERSITY OF NEW SOUTH WALES · PI Perminder S SACHDEV · 2023 to 2026
$5.9MCOSMIC: An international consortium to identify risk and protective factors and biomarkers of cognitive ageing and dementia in diverse ethno-racial groups and geographical settingsRF1AG057531 · NIA · UNIVERSITY OF NEW SOUTH WALES · PI SACHDEV, PERMINDER S · 2017 to 2020
$2.9MMedical Research Council MR/P014550/1NIA NIH HHS P01 AG003949NIA NIH HHS P30 AG010161NIA NIH HHS R01 AG015819NIA NIH HHS R01 AG057531NIA NIH HHS R37 AG023651NIA NIH HHS RF1 AG057531NIA NIH HHS U01 AG046152
Abstract
introductionSex differences in dementia risk, and risk factor (RF) associations with dementia, remain uncertain across diverse ethno-regional groups.
methodsA total of 29,850 participants (58% women) from 21 cohorts across six continents were included in an individual participant data meta-analysis. Sex-specific hazard ratios (HRs), and women-to-men ratio of hazard ratios (RHRs) for associations between RFs and all-cause dementia were derived from mixed-effect Cox models.
resultsIncident dementia occurred in 2089 (66% women) participants over 4.6 years (median). Women had higher dementia risk (HR, 1.12 [1.02, 1.23]) than men, particularly in low- and lower-middle-income economies. Associations between longer education and former alcohol use with dementia risk (RHR, 1.01 [1.00, 1.03] per year, and 0.55 [0.38, 0.79], respectively) were stronger for men than women; otherwise, there were no discernible sex differences in other RFs. DISCUSSION: Dementia risk was higher in women than men, with possible variations by country-level income settings, but most RFs appear to work similarly in women and men.
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DementiaSex CharacteristicsAlcohol DrinkingFemaleHumansMaleRisk FactorsSex Factorsdata harmonizationdementiadiversityrisk factorsex difference
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