ArticleAnalytical and bioanalytical chemistry2023
Smartphone-based hand-held polarized light microscope for on-site pharmaceutical crystallinity characterization.
Article in Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 5 papers.
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Who cites it
5 citing papers in PubMed.
- Smartphone-based biosensing: a review of optical imaging, microfluidic integration, and AI-enhanced analysis.Mikrochimica acta · 2025Review
- Smartphone-based colorimetric detection of urease activity in dental plaque for point-of-care screening of Helicobacter pylori infection.Mikrochimica acta · 2025Article
- A "hand-held" polarimeter for on-site chiral drug measurement and chemical reaction monitoring.Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry · 2025Article
- Advances in Portable Optical Microscopy Using Cloud Technologies and Artificial Intelligence for Medical Applications.Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Review
- Microscale Humidity Sensor Based on Iron-Coated Elaters ofBiosensors · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
9 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Polarized light microscopy (PLM) is a common but critical method for pharmaceutical crystallinity characterization, which has been widely introduced for research purposes or drug testing and is recommended by many pharmacopeias around the world. To date, crystallinity characterization of pharmaceutical solids is restricted to laboratories due to the relatively bulky design of the conventional PLM system, while little attention has been paid to on-site, portable, and low-cost applications. Herein, we developed a smartphone-based polarized microscope with an ultra-miniaturization design ("hand-held" scale) for these purposes. The compact system consists of an optical lens, two polarizers, and a tailor-made platform to hold the smartphone. Analytical performance parameters including resolution, imaging quality of interference color, and imaging reproducibility were measured. In a first approach, we illustrated the suitability of the device for pharmaceutical crystallinity characterization and obtained high-quality birefringence images comparable to a conventional PLM system, and we also showed the great promise of the device for on-site characterization with high flexibility. In a second approach, we employed the device as a proof of concept for a wider application ranging from liquid crystal to environmental pollutants or tissues from plants. As such, this smartphone-based hand-held polarized light microscope shows great potential in helping pharmacists both for research purposes and on-site drug testing, not to mention its broad application prospects in many other fields.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.