ArticleInternational journal for equity in health2023
Healthcare discrimination and factors associated with gender-affirming healthcare avoidance by transgender women and transgender men in Thailand: findings from a cross-sectional online-survey study.
Article in International journal for equity in health, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 12 papers.
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Who cites it
12 citing papers in PubMed, 23 citations in OpenAlex.
- PrEP Use and Willingness Cascades Among Transgender Women in 11 Asian Countries: Findings From the PrEP APPEAL Cross-Sectional Online Survey.Journal of the International AIDS Society · 2026Article
- Attitudes of Family Physicians in Southern Israel Toward Transgender Individuals: Comparison Between Senior Physicians and Residents.Archives of sexual behavior · 2026Article
- Gender-inclusive sexual health literacy scale for sex workers (SHL-SW): Development and validation in Thailand.PloS one · 2026Article
- Experiences of violence and abuse among transgender women in healthcare settings in Uganda: a community-engaged qualitative study.BMC health services research · 2025Article
- A scoping review examining measurement of anti-transgender stigma in low- and middle-income countries.PLOS global public health · 2025Article
- The Role of Stigma and Resilience in Healthcare Engagement Among Transgender Latinas in the U.S. South: Baseline Findings from the ChiCAS Study.Journal of immigrant and minority health · 2024Article
- Breaking barriers: How transwomen meet their healthcare needs.African journal of primary health care & family medicine · 2024Article
- Pelvic Floor Dysfunction in Transgender Men on Gender-affirming Hormone Therapy: A Descriptive Cross-sectional Study.International urogynecology journal · 2024Article
- Quality of life and level of satisfaction with pharmacotherapeutic follow-up in a transgender health center in Brazil.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Exploring Transfeminine Youth Health Disparities in Thailand: An Online Survey Analysis of Characteristics and Hormonal Use Patterns.Health equity · 2024Article
- A qualitative description of HIV testing and healthcare experiences among trans women in Ghanaian urban slums BSGH-012.PLOS global public health · 2024Article
- Military Family Physicians' Readiness to Provide Gender-Affirming Care: A Serial Cross-Sectional Study.Journal of primary care & community healthArticle
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 4 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundAlthough discriminatory experiences of transgender people seeking healthcare services have been well-documented in several studies, differentiating those experiences based on gender identity/expression and related factors has been limited. The aim of this study was to compare the characteristics, experiences, attitude, and expectation toward accessing healthcare service and healthcare providers of transgender women and transgender men in Thailand.
methodsA cross-sectional study was conducted from October 2017 to March 2018. The data were collected from transgender women and transgender men aged ≥ 18 years old who lived in Thailand using online platform via different websites and Facebook pages of local transgender group. Binary logistic regression was used to identify the factors related to the study outcomes.
resultsOf 186 transgender people who responded to the questionnaire and were eligible for the study, 73.7% (95% confidence interval [CI] = 66.7-79.8) were transgender women and 26.3% (95% CI = 20.2-33.3) were transgender men. Transgender women were more likely to seek general healthcare from non-traditional healthcare services (crude odds ratio [cOR] = 4.28; 95% CI = 1.55-11.81; P = 0.005), buy hormone treatment from non-traditional healthcare services (cOR = 3.89; 95% CI = 1.18-12.83; P = 0.026), and receive healthcare counseling from non-traditional healthcare providers (cOR = 5.16; 95% CI = 1.42-18.75; P = 0.013) than transgender men. According to the results of applying a multivariable model, transgender respondents who did not know that gender-affirming healthcare services existed in Thailand were more unwilling to receive counseling from gender-affirming healthcare providers than those who did (adjusted odds ratio = 3.70; 95% CI = 1.11-12.36; P = 0.033).
conclusionsThe findings from this cross-sectional study indicate that transgender women are more likely than transgender men to receive general healthcare and hormone treatment from non-traditional healthcare services and buy hormone treatment without a physician's supervision. We also found approximately 15% of transgender individuals who did not receive gender-affirming counseling services. Continuing to improve access to care for the transgender community, increasing public relations channels may encourage transgender people to access more healthcare services.
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