Evidence map›Paper›PMID 36779261›Full record

ArticlePharmacoepidemiology and drug safety2023

The impact of hydrocodone rescheduling on utilization, abuse, misuse, and overdose deaths.

Sara Karami, Adebola Ajao, Jennie Wong, Di Zhang, Tamra Meyer, Yulan Ding, Alex Secora, Jacqueline M Major, Rajdeep Gill, Grace P Chai and 2 more

Open access · greenAbstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Pharmacoepidemiology and drug safety, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
3citing papers in PubMed
1.4field-weighted citation impact, top 19% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

3 citing papers in PubMed, 5 citations in OpenAlex.

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4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

12 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.

Sara KaramiDivision of Epidemiology II (DEPI-II), Office of Pharmacovigilance and Epidemiology(OPE), Office of Surveillance and Epidemiology (OSE), Center for Drug Evaluation and Research (CDER), U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Silver Spring, MD, USA.
Adebola AjaoDivision of Epidemiology II (DEPI-II), Office of Pharmacovigilance and Epidemiology(OPE), Office of Surveillance and Epidemiology (OSE), Center for Drug Evaluation and Research (CDER), U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Silver Spring, MD, USA.
Jennie WongDivision of Epidemiology II (DEPI-II), Office of Pharmacovigilance and Epidemiology(OPE), Office of Surveillance and Epidemiology (OSE), Center for Drug Evaluation and Research (CDER), U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Silver Spring, MD, USA.
Di ZhangDivision of Epidemiology II (DEPI-II), Office of Pharmacovigilance and Epidemiology(OPE), Office of Surveillance and Epidemiology (OSE), Center for Drug Evaluation and Research (CDER), U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Silver Spring, MD, USA.
Tamra MeyerDivision of Epidemiology II (DEPI-II), Office of Pharmacovigilance and Epidemiology(OPE), Office of Surveillance and Epidemiology (OSE), Center for Drug Evaluation and Research (CDER), U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Silver Spring, MD, USA.
Yulan DingDivision of Epidemiology II (DEPI-II), Office of Pharmacovigilance and Epidemiology(OPE), Office of Surveillance and Epidemiology (OSE), Center for Drug Evaluation and Research (CDER), U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Silver Spring, MD, USA.
Alex SecoraDivision of Epidemiology II (DEPI-II), Office of Pharmacovigilance and Epidemiology(OPE), Office of Surveillance and Epidemiology (OSE), Center for Drug Evaluation and Research (CDER), U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Silver Spring, MD, USA.ORCID 0000-0001-5105-1631
Jacqueline M MajorDivision of Epidemiology II (DEPI-II), Office of Pharmacovigilance and Epidemiology(OPE), Office of Surveillance and Epidemiology (OSE), Center for Drug Evaluation and Research (CDER), U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Silver Spring, MD, USA.
Rajdeep GillDivision of Epidemiology II (DEPI-II), Office of Pharmacovigilance and Epidemiology(OPE), Office of Surveillance and Epidemiology (OSE), Center for Drug Evaluation and Research (CDER), U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Silver Spring, MD, USA.
Grace P ChaiDivision of Epidemiology II (DEPI-II), Office of Pharmacovigilance and Epidemiology(OPE), Office of Surveillance and Epidemiology (OSE), Center for Drug Evaluation and Research (CDER), U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Silver Spring, MD, USA.
Yueqin ZhaoDivision of Epidemiology II (DEPI-II), Office of Pharmacovigilance and Epidemiology(OPE), Office of Surveillance and Epidemiology (OSE), Center for Drug Evaluation and Research (CDER), U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Silver Spring, MD, USA.
Jana McAninchDivision of Epidemiology II (DEPI-II), Office of Pharmacovigilance and Epidemiology(OPE), Office of Surveillance and Epidemiology (OSE), Center for Drug Evaluation and Research (CDER), U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Silver Spring, MD, USA.
United States Food and Drug Administration · US

Funding

Intramural FDA HHS FD999999
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

purposeTo evaluate the impact of increased federal restrictions on hydrocodone combination product (HCP) utilization, misuse, abuse, and overdose death.

methodsWe assessed utilization, misuse, abuse, and overdose death trends involving hydrocodone versus select opioid analgesics (OAs) and heroin using descriptive and interrupted time-series (ITS) analyses during the nine quarters before and after the October 2014 rescheduling of HCPs from a less restrictive (CIII) to more restrictive (CII) category.

resultsHydrocodone dispensing declined >30% over the study period, and declines accelerated after rescheduling. ITS analyses showed that immediately postrescheduling, quarterly hydrocodone dispensing decreased by 177M dosage units while codeine, oxycodone, and morphine dispensing increased by 49M, 62M, and 4M dosage units, respectively. Postrescheduling, hydrocodone-involved misuse/abuse poison center (PC) case rates had a statistically significant immediate drop but a deceleration of preperiod declines. There were small level increases in codeine-involved PC misuse/abuse and overdose death rates immediately after HCP's rescheduling, but these were smaller than level decreases in rates for hydrocodone. Heroin-involved PC case rates and overdose death rates increased across the study period, with exponential increases in PC case rates beginning 2015.

conclusionsHCP rescheduling was associated with accelerated declines in hydrocodone dispensing, only partially offset by smaller increases in codeine, oxycodone, and morphine dispensing. The net impact on hydrocodone and other OA-involved misuse/abuse and fatal overdose was unclear. We did not detect an immediate impact on heroin abuse or overdose death rates; however, the dynamic nature of the crisis and data limitations present challenges to causal inference.

Indexed as

Drug OverdoseHydrocodoneAnalgesics, OpioidCodeineHeroinHumansMorphineOxycodonePractice Patterns, Physicians'Analgesics, OpioidCodeineHeroinHydrocodoneMorphineOxycodoneabusecodeinehydrocodone reschedulingmisuseopioidsoverdose deathsutilization

Identifiers

PMID36779261
PMCPMC10257747
OpenAlexW4320493666

What OpenQuestion holds

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Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.