ArticleCell genomics2022
The female protective effect against autism spectrum disorder.
Article in Cell genomics, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 80 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
80 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 103 citations in OpenAlex.
- Does the Extreme Male Brain Hypothesis of Autism Apply More to Females Than Males? A Systematic and Meta-Analytic Approach.Autism research : official journal of the International Society for Autism Research · 2026Pooled it
- Sex-stratified genome-wide meta-analysis identifies novel loci for cognitive decline in older adults.Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association · 2025Pooled it
- Steroid hormone pathways, vitamin D and autism: a systematic review.Journal of neural transmission (Vienna, Austria : 1996) · 2023Pooled it
- Homozygous CHD8 mutation intensifies ASD phenotypes and attenuates sex differences.Molecular psychiatry · 2026Article
- Genetics of Educational Attainment and Childhood Problem Behavior: Direct Genetic Effects, Cognitive Pathways, and Sex Differences.Behavior genetics · 2026Article
- Sex differences in 5-year incidence and prevalence of physical illnesses following early childhood autism diagnosis.JCPP advances · 2026Article
- Neurodevelopmental Phenotypes and Brain Anomalies in Individuals With Heterozygous SEMA6A Variants.Clinical genetics · 2026Article
- Preservation of Higher-Order Cognition in Autistic Females: Evidence from Two Deeply-Phenotyped Cohorts in Hong Kong and the United States.Research square · 2026Article
- Maternal genetic liability to autism spectrum disorders and pregnancy outcomes.Archives of women's mental health · 2026Article
- A blended genome and exome sequencing method captures genetic variation in an unbiased and cost-effective manner.Nature genetics · 2026Article
- Advancing risk gene discovery across the allele frequency spectrum.HGG advances · 2026Review
- Understanding Sex and Gender Effects on Autism Spectrum Disorder and Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: Clinical Presentation and Risk Factors.Biological psychiatry global open science · 2026Review
- Adult-onset dystonia associated with CHD8 truncating variants: case series and targeted literature review.Neurogenetics · 2026Review
- Associations between Prenatal Perceived Stress and Child Autism-Related Traits in the ECHO Cohort.The Journal of pediatrics · 2026Article
- Sex-Specific Genetic Architecture of ALS: Evidence of a Female Protective Effect?Annals of neurology · 2026Article
- Modeling rare coding variation on chromosome X provides insight into the genetics and differential sex prevalence of autism spectrum disorder.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2026Article
- Sex and tissue resolved co-expression networks reveal a female placental-brain axis protective against prenatal PCB exposure.Genome biology · 2026Article
- Molecular dynamics of Brodmann Area 22 in development and autism.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- The inactive X chromosome as a female protector in autism and beyond.Nature genetics · 2026Review
- Co-occurrence of rare variants implicates gene pairs in cytoskeletal pathways and is associated with increased severity in autism spectrum disorder.Genome biology · 2026Article
20 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
22 authors at 6 institutions in 4 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is diagnosed three to four times more frequently in males than in females. Genetic studies of rare variants support a female protective effect (FPE) against ASD. However, sex differences in common inherited genetic risk for ASD are less studied, particularly within families. Leveraging the Danish iPSYCH resource, we found siblings of female ASD cases (n = 1,707) had higher rates of ASD than siblings of male ASD cases (n = 6,270; p < 1.0 × 10
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.