ArticleInternational journal of biological sciences2023
Galectin-9 blockade synergizes with ATM inhibition to induce potent anti-tumor immunity.
Article in International journal of biological sciences, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 28 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
28 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Targeting DNA damage response to enhance cancer immunotherapy efficacy: molecular mechanisms and clinical advances.Medical oncology (Northwood, London, England) · 2025Pooled it
- Spatial proteomics deciphers the immune niche landscape of non-ampullary duodenal adenocarcinoma.British journal of cancer · 2026Article
- Inflammatory immune modulators of AML lung infiltration and respiratory failure.Nature immunology · 2026Article
- Galectin-9-driven immune evasion constrains radiotherapy-induced systemic antitumor immunity.Journal for immunotherapy of cancer · 2026Article
- LGALS9 blockade augments vaccine-induced immune responses against prostate cancer.Journal for immunotherapy of cancer · 2026Article
- Fasting-mimicking diet induces IFNβ secretion in tumor-associated macrophages via NRF1-mediated ubiquitin-dependent proteolysis of Trex1.British journal of cancer · 2026Article
- Galectin-9 potentiates salivary gland damage by inducing ferroptosis in Sjogren's disease.Journal of molecular medicine (Berlin, Germany) · 2026Article
- Vagus Nerve Stimulation Attenuates Cognitive Impairment in Traumatic Brain Injury via the mtDNA/cGAS-STING/NLRP3 Inflammasome Axis.Neurocritical care · 2026Article
- Galectins at the crossroads of tumor immunity, metabolism, and metastasis: mechanisms, therapeutic resistance, and translational opportunities.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- The cGAS-STING pathway in tumor immunity: dual roles, regulatory mechanisms, and precision therapeutic strategies.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2026Review
- Galectin-9-An Emerging Glyco-Immune Checkpoint Target for Cancer Therapy.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Anti-galectin-9 therapy synergizes with EGFR inhibition to reprogram the tumor microenvironment and overcome immune evasion.Journal for immunotherapy of cancer · 2025Article
- Retinoic acid enhances γδ T cell cytotoxicity in nasopharyngeal carcinoma by reversing immune exhaustion.Cell communication and signaling : CCS · 2025Article
- Multi-omics and machine learning-driven CD8Molecular therapy. Nucleic acids · 2025Article
- The Development of ATM Inhibitors in Cancer Therapy.Targeted oncology · 2025Review
- PRDX2 induces tumor immune evasion by modulating the HDAC3-Galectin-9 axis in lung adenocarcinoma cells.Journal of translational medicine · 2025Article
- Lung cancer tumor immune microenvironment: analyzing immune escape mechanisms and exploring emerging therapeutic targets.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
- Article
- Advances and prospects of biomarkers for immune checkpoint inhibitors.Cell reports. Medicine · 2024Review
- Correlation Analysis of Genetic Mutations and Galectin Levels in Breast Cancer Patients.Genes · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
11 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Although current cancer immunotherapies that target PD-1/PD-L1 immune checkpoint to reinvigorate exhausted T cells have achieved impressive clinical outcomes, only a small proportion of patients respond. New therapeutic targets are therefore needed to be identified to further unleash the anti-tumor potential of T cells and benefit more patients. Galectin-9 (Gal-9), initially identified as a ligand for TIM-3 to induce T cell death, acts as an immunosuppressive regulator in the tumor microenvironment (TME) but its potential as a therapeutic target remains largely elusive. Here we show that antibody neutralization of Gal-9, in combination with inhibition of Ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM), a kinase essential for DNA damage response (DDR), is a promising modality for cancer immunotherapy. Genetic depletion of ATM in tumors markedly potentiated anti-Gal-9 therapy in a syngeneic mouse model. Mechanistically, ATM inhibition greatly upregulated Gal-9 expression and secretion in a variety of human and murine tumor cells via the cGAS-STING-interferon β (IFNβ) innate immune pathway. Combination of Gal-9 inhibition with AZD1390, a selective ATM inhibitor currently evaluated in clinical trials, significantly suppressed tumor growth and prolonged survival in multiple syngeneic mouse models, including the poorly-immunogenic LLC lung tumors that do not respond to PD-1/PD-L1 blockade, concomitant with increased T cell infiltration. These results reveal Gal-9 induction via STING/IFNβ signaling as an important mechanism mediating tumor immune escape that could be targeted for cancer immunotherapies, and unveil a novel anti-Gal-9-based combination strategy for cancer immunotherapies in a wide variety of malignancies, including those resistant to PD-1/PD-L1 blockade.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.