ArticleLancet regional health. Americas2022
Adverse outcomes associated with concurrent gabapentin, opioid, and benzodiazepine utilization: A nested case-control study.
Article in Lancet regional health. Americas, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 20 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
20 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Executive summary of the guideline for prescribing opioid analgesics for chronic non-cancer pain (third edition) by the Japan Society of Pain Clinicians.Journal of anesthesia · 2025Guideline
- Association Between the Use of Gabapentinoids and Exacerbations of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.Current therapeutic research, clinical and experimental · 2026Review
- Benzodiazepines in Epilepsy: A US Perspective on Clinical Use, Pharmacology, Abuse Methods, and Public Health Considerations.Neurology and therapy · 2026Review
- Trends in Co-Prescribing Opioids and Gabapentinoids Among Medicare Beneficiaries, 2017 to 2022.Medical sciences (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Mediation of chronic pain and disability on opioid use disorder risk by pain management practices among adult Medicaid patients, 2016-2019.American journal of epidemiology · 2026Article
- Association between gabapentinoid treatment, concurrent use with opioid or benzodiazepine and the risk of drug poisoning: A self-controlled case series study.PLoS medicine · 2026Article
- Real-world effectiveness of medication-assisted treatment and psychotherapy for opioid use disorder: a national multi-health care organization analysis.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2026Article
- A comprehensive analysis of jurisdiction-specific laws related to scheduling or required prescription drug monitoring of gabapentin in the United States, 2016-2024.The International journal on drug policy · 2026Article
- Opioid consumption after lower limb amputation in Medicare beneficiaries.PM & R : the journal of injury, function, and rehabilitation · 2025Article
- Benzodiazepines and Opioid co-use Among Rural People Who Use Drugs: Findings From the Rural Opioid Initiative.Substance use & addiction journal · 2025Article
- A cross-sectional study of prescribing of antiseizure medication for the treatment of pain in Australia.International journal of clinical pharmacy · 2025Article
- Changing Trends in Nonmedical Gabapentin Use Among a Cohort of Rural Appalachian People Who Use Drugs: A Longitudinal Study Over the Time Period of Scheduling Changes in Kentucky.The International journal on drug policy · 2025Article
- Emerging Clinical Roles of Gabapentin and Adverse Effects, Including Weight Gain, Obesity, Depression, Suicidal Thoughts and Increased Risk of Opioid-Related Overdose and Respiratory Depression: A Narrative Review.Current pain and headache reports · 2025Review
- Use of gabapentinoid treatment and the risk of self-harm: population based self-controlled case series study.BMJ (Clinical research ed.) · 2025Article
- The burden of acute pain in the U.S. in the wake of the opioid crisis.Frontiers in pain research (Lausanne, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Pain Management Treatments and Opioid Use Disorder Risk in Medicaid Patients.American journal of preventive medicine · 2024Article
- Gabapentinoids and Risk of Hip Fracture.JAMA network open · 2024Article
- Association of Gabapentinoids With Opioid-Related Overdose in the Inpatient Setting: A Single Center Retrospective Case-Control Study.Hospital pharmacy · 2024Article
- Opioid and non-opioid analgesic regimens after fracture and risk of serious opioid-related events.Trauma surgery & acute care open · 2024Article
- Gabapentin utilization among older adults with different cognitive statuses enrolled in the National Alzheimer's Coordinating Center (2006-2019).British journal of clinical pharmacology · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Background: Gabapentin, opioids, and/or benzodiazepines are commonly prescribed for a variety of pain and psychiatric conditions. Despite the high likelihood of co-prescription of these medications, little is known about co-utilization of gabapentin (GABA), opioids (OP), and benzodiazepines (BZD) and associated public health outcomes. Methods: Using Medicare CCW Data, 2013-2016, we conducted a nested case-control study to examine the association between concurrent utilization of GABA, OP, and BZD and respiratory depression, opioid, and substance-related overdose among Medicare disabled beneficiaries. Cases and controls were Fee-for-service disabled beneficiaries who had a diagnosis of acute pain (AP), chronic pain (CP) or mental health conditions (MH) and received GABA, OP or BZD. Cases with respiratory depression, opioid or substance-related overdose were matched with up to 4 controls on socio-demographics, year of cohort entry and disease risk score. Primary exposure was concurrent medication utilization defined as an overlap of at least one day in prescriptions for GABA, OP and BZD. Findings: Across all cohorts, the majority of cases and controls were under 65, female, dually eligible and had prior histories of pain and mental health conditions. GABA+OP+BZD use was associated with increased odds of respiratory depression [AOR(95%CI)-AP: 1.35 (1.19-1.52), CP:1.24 (1.11-1.38) and MH: 1.16 (1.02-1.32) vs. OP only], opioid-related overdose [AP: 1.43 (1.04-1.98), CP: 1.47 (1.07-2.00) and MH: 1.44 (1.04-2.00) vs. OP only], and substance-related overdose [AP: 1.77 (1.26-2.50), CP: 1.70 (1.24-2.34) and MH: 1.92 (1.31-2.82) vs. GABA only]. While there were cohort differences in the association between GABA+OP and both respiratory depression and opioid-related overdose, GABA+OP and GABA+BZD use were associated with significantly higher odds of substance-related overdose across all clinical cohorts. Interpretation: Among Medicare disabled beneficiaries, concurrent utilization of gabapentin, opioids, and benzodiazepines is associated with multiple adverse outcomes. Given this, it is imperative that the benefits and risks of co-prescribing these medications be comprehensively examined. Funding: None.
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