ArticleJournal of Alzheimer's disease : JAD2023
The Association Between Temporal Atrophy and Episodic Memory Is Moderated by Education in a Multi-Center Memory Clinic Sample.
Article in Journal of Alzheimer's disease : JAD, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 4 papers.
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Who cites it
4 citing papers in PubMed, 7 citations in OpenAlex.
- The associations between ATN biomarkers and episodic memory diminish as age increases.European geriatric medicine · 2026Article
- Education, Cognitive Reserve, and Brain Pathology in Aging and Alzheimer's Disease: Evidence from Preclinical and Symptomatic Cohorts.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2026Article
- Moderating effect of the domains of the cognitive reserve index questionnaire (CRIq) on longitudinal change slopes in episodic memory across the cognitive aging continuum.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Association Between Fractional Exhaled Nitric Oxide (FeNO) and Cognitive Function in Patients with Obstructive Sleep Apnea.Nature and science of sleep · 2025Article
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Authors and funding
9 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundCognitive reserve (CR) is hypothesized to partially explain the discrepancy between Alzheimer's disease related brain pathology and cognitive performance. Educational attainment is often used as a proxy for CR.
objectiveTo examine the association of years of education and the relationship between atrophy in the medial temporal lobe and episodic memory, in a cross-sectional ecological multi-center memory clinic cohort.
methodsIncluded patients (n = 702) had undergone memory clinic examination and were diagnosed with subjective cognitive impairment (n = 99), mild cognitive impairment (n = 471), or dementia (n = 132). Total years of education were used as a moderating variable and neuropathology was operationalized as visual ratings of medial temporal lobe atrophy (MTA) on magnetic resonance imaging and computer tomography images. Weighted least squares regression and multiple regression were used to analyze moderation and the effect of education separately by diagnostic group. A composite score of two episodic memory tests constituted the dependent variable.
resultsAfter controlling for age and gender the interaction term between MTA and years of education was significant indicating moderation. In particular, the regression model showed that at low levels of MTA, high education individuals had better episodic memory performance. However, at higher MTA levels, high education individuals had the lowest episodic memory performance. Education had a significant positive effect on episodic memory in SCI and MCI, but not dementia.
conclusionThese results extend the findings of education moderating the effect of MTA on cognition to a naturalistic memory clinic setting. Implications of the findings for theories on CR are discussed.
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