Genomic targets of the IRE1-XBP1s pathway in mediating metabolic adaptation in epithelial plasticity.

Epithelial mesenchymal plasticity (EMP) is a complex cellular reprogramming event that plays a major role in tissue homeostasis. Recently we observed the unfolded protein response (UPR) triggers EMP through the inositol-requiring protein 1 (IRE1α)-X-box-binding protein 1 spliced (XBP1s) axis, enhancing glucose shunting to protein N glycosylation. To better understand the genomic targets of XBP1s, we identified its genomic targets using Cleavage Under Targets and Release Using Nuclease (CUT&RUN) of a FLAG-epitope tagged XBP1s in RSV infection. CUT&RUN identified 7086 binding sites in chromatin that were enriched in AP-1 motifs and GC-sequences. Of these binding sites, XBP1s peaks mapped to 4827 genes controlling Rho-GTPase signaling, N-linked glycosylation and ER-Golgi transport. Strikingly, XBP1s peaks were within 1 kb of transcription start sites of 2119 promoters. In addition to binding core mesenchymal transcription factors SNAI1 and ZEB1, we observed that hexosamine biosynthetic pathway (HBP) enzymes were induced and contained proximal XBP1s peaks. We demonstrate that IRE1α -XBP1s signaling is necessary and sufficient to activate core enzymes by recruiting elongation-competent phospho-Ser2 CTD modified RNA Pol II. We conclude that the IRE1α-XBP1s pathway coordinately regulates mesenchymal transcription factors and hexosamine biosynthesis in EMP by a mechanism involving recruitment of activated pSer2-Pol II to GC-rich promoters.