Evidence map›Paper›PMID 36772270›Full record

ArticleSensors (Basel, Switzerland)2023

ReinforSec: An Automatic Generator of Synthetic Malware Samples and Denial-of-Service Attacks through Reinforcement Learning.

Aldo Hernandez-Suarez, Gabriel Sanchez-Perez, Linda K Toscano-Medina, Hector Perez-Meana, Jesus Olivares-Mercado, Jose Portillo-Portillo, Gibran Benitez-Garcia, Ana Lucila Sandoval Orozco, Luis Javier García Villalba

Abstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Sensors (Basel, Switzerland), 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

9 authors.

Aldo Hernandez-SuarezInstituto Politecnico Nacional, ESIME Culhuacan, Mexico City 04440, Mexico.ORCID 0000-0002-4867-2717
Gabriel Sanchez-PerezInstituto Politecnico Nacional, ESIME Culhuacan, Mexico City 04440, Mexico.
Linda K Toscano-MedinaInstituto Politecnico Nacional, ESIME Culhuacan, Mexico City 04440, Mexico.ORCID 0000-0002-9555-4705
Hector Perez-MeanaInstituto Politecnico Nacional, ESIME Culhuacan, Mexico City 04440, Mexico.ORCID 0000-0002-7786-2050
Jesus Olivares-MercadoInstituto Politecnico Nacional, ESIME Culhuacan, Mexico City 04440, Mexico.ORCID 0000-0002-0337-5364
Jose Portillo-PortilloInstituto Politecnico Nacional, ESIME Culhuacan, Mexico City 04440, Mexico.ORCID 0000-0001-8863-7804
Gibran Benitez-GarciaGraduate School of Informatics and Engineering, The University of Electro-Communications, Tokyo 182-8585, Japan.ORCID 0000-0003-4945-8314
Ana Lucila Sandoval OrozcoGroup of Analysis, Security and Systems (GASS), Department of Software Engineering and Artificial Intelligence (DISIA), Faculty of Computer Science and Engineering, Office 431, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), 28040 Madrid, Spain.ORCID 0000-0002-2846-9017
Luis Javier García VillalbaGroup of Analysis, Security and Systems (GASS), Department of Software Engineering and Artificial Intelligence (DISIA), Faculty of Computer Science and Engineering, Office 431, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), 28040 Madrid, Spain.ORCID 0000-0001-7573-6272

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

In recent years, cybersecurity has been strengthened through the adoption of processes, mechanisms and rapid sources of indicators of compromise in critical areas. Among the most latent challenges are the detection, classification and eradication of malware and Denial of Service Cyber-Attacks (DoS). The literature has presented different ways to obtain and evaluate malware- and DoS-cyber-attack-related instances, either from a technical point of view or by offering ready-to-use datasets. However, acquiring fresh, up-to-date samples requires an arduous process of exploration, sandbox configuration and mass storage, which may ultimately result in an unbalanced or under-represented set. Synthetic sample generation has shown that the cost associated with setting up controlled environments and time spent on sample evaluation can be reduced. Nevertheless, the process is performed when the observations already belong to a characterized set, totally detached from a real environment. In order to solve the aforementioned, this work proposes a methodology for the generation of synthetic samples of malicious Portable Executable binaries and DoS cyber-attacks. The task is performed via a Reinforcement Learning engine, which learns from a baseline of different malware families and DoS cyber-attack network properties, resulting in new, mutated and highly functional samples. Experimental results demonstrate the high adaptability of the outputs as new input datasets for different Machine Learning algorithms.

Indexed as

artificial intelligencecybersecuritycybersecurity datasetsdenial-of-servicemachine learningmalwareq-learningreinforcement learningsynthetic sampling

Identifiers

PMID36772270
PMCPMC9920136

What OpenQuestion holds

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.