Evidence map›Paper›PMID 36772250›Full record

ArticleSensors (Basel, Switzerland)2023

Image Watermarking Using Least Significant Bit and Canny Edge Detection.

Zaid Bin Faheem, Abid Ishaq, Furqan Rustam, Isabel de la Torre Díez, Daniel Gavilanes, Manuel Masias Vergara, Imran Ashraf

Abstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Sensors (Basel, Switzerland), 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 5 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
5citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

5 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Review
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4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

7 authors.

Zaid Bin FaheemDepartment of Computer Science & Information Technology, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur 63100, Pakistan.ORCID 0000-0003-0355-5119
Abid IshaqDepartment of Computer Science & Information Technology, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur 63100, Pakistan.ORCID 0000-0002-9557-8889
Furqan RustamSchool of Computer Science, University College Dublin, D04 V1W8 Dublin, Ireland.ORCID 0000-0001-8403-1047
Isabel de la Torre DíezDepartment of Signal Theory and Communications and Telematic Engineering, University of Valladolid, Paseo de Belén 15, 47011 Valladolid, Spain.ORCID 0000-0003-3134-7720
Daniel GavilanesCenter for Nutrition & Health, Universidad Europea del Atlántico, Isabel Torres 21, 39011 Santander, Spain.
Manuel Masias VergaraCenter for Nutrition & Health, Universidad Europea del Atlántico, Isabel Torres 21, 39011 Santander, Spain.ORCID 0000-0001-7555-5017
Imran AshrafDepartment of Information and Communication Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Republic of Korea.ORCID 0000-0002-8271-6496

Funding

European University of the Atlantic N/A
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

With the advancement in information technology, digital data stealing and duplication have become easier. Over a trillion bytes of data are generated and shared on social media through the internet in a single day, and the authenticity of digital data is currently a major problem. Cryptography and image watermarking are domains that provide multiple security services, such as authenticity, integrity, and privacy. In this paper, a digital image watermarking technique is proposed that employs the least significant bit (LSB) and canny edge detection method. The proposed method provides better security services and it is computationally less expensive, which is the demand of today's world. The major contribution of this method is to find suitable places for watermarking embedding and provides additional watermark security by scrambling the watermark image. A digital image is divided into non-overlapping blocks, and the gradient is calculated for each block. Then convolution masks are applied to find the gradient direction and magnitude, and non-maximum suppression is applied. Finally, LSB is used to embed the watermark in the hysteresis step. Furthermore, additional security is provided by scrambling the watermark signal using our chaotic substitution box. The proposed technique is more secure because of LSB's high payload and watermark embedding feature after a canny edge detection filter. The canny edge gradient direction and magnitude find how many bits will be embedded. To test the performance of the proposed technique, several image processing, and geometrical attacks are performed. The proposed method shows high robustness to image processing and geometrical attacks.

Indexed as

cryptographyimage watermarkingleast significant bitsubstitution box

Identifiers

PMID36772250
PMCPMC9921098

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LicenceCC BY
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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.