ArticleNutrients2023
Breakfast Size and Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) Spanish Cohort.
Article in Nutrients, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 6 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
6 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Association of Skipping Breakfast with Metabolic Syndrome and Its Components: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies.Nutrients · 2025Pooled it
- Timing of food intake, chrononutritional behavior patterns, and risk of metabolic syndrome in the French NutriNet-Santé cohort.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Identification of meal patterns based on energy intake distribution across the day and their associations with diet quality and body mass index.Environmental health and preventive medicine · 2025Article
- Circadian Deregulation: Back Facing the Sun Toward Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease (MASLD) Development.Nutrients · 2024Review
- Article
- Advances in Gut Microbiota-Targeted Therapeutics for Metabolic Syndrome.Microorganisms · 2024Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
18 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundRecent evidence suggest that energy distribution during the daytimecould be a potential determinant for the development of metabolic syndrome (MetS).
objectiveTo cross-sectionally assess the association between breakfast size and the prevalence of MetS in Spanish adults.
methodsOur study included a subset of 3644 participants from the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition Spain study recontacted between 2017-2018. Information on diet, sociodemographic, lifestyle, sleep quality, and chronotype was collected using standardized questionnaires, while anthropometric and blood pressure data were measured in a face-to-face personal interview by a nurse. MetS was defined according to the Adult Treatment Panel III (ATPIII) definition by measuring serum levels of total cholesterol, tryglycerides and glucose. Breakfast size was calculated as: (energy from breakfast/total energy intake) * 2000 kcal. To evaluate the association between breakfast size and MetS prevalence, a multivariable logistic regression model adjusted by potential confounders was used to estimate OR and 95% CI.
resultsPrevalence of MetS in our study was 40.7%. The mean breakfast size was 306.6 * 2000 kcal (15% of the total daily energy intake), with 14 (0.4%) participants skipping breakfast. Participants in the highest quartile of breakfast size had a lower MetS prevalence compared to participants in the lowest quartile (OR
conclusionOur results suggest that higher breakfast size is associated with lower prevalence of MetS in Spanish adults, supporting the importance of a high energy breakfast. Further prospective studies are necessary to confirm these findings.
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