ArticleMolecules (Basel, Switzerland)2023
The Development and Optimization of Lipid-Based Self-Nanoemulsifying Drug Delivery Systems for the Intravenous Delivery of Propofol.
Article in Molecules (Basel, Switzerland), 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 9 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
9 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Hypersensitivity to Intravenous Lipid Emulsions and Food Allergies: a Systematic Review of Case Reports.Current nutrition reports · 2026Pooled it
- Compatibility and stability of ciprofol with different concentrations of remifentanil or esketamine.BMC anesthesiology · 2026Article
- Novel Propofol Analogs: Design, Synthesis and Evaluation of Dihydrobenzofuran Derivatives as General Anesthetics.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Lactoferrin-Modified Ultra-Sustained Release Propofol Nanoparticles for Multi-Pathway Therapy of Depression via Intraperitoneal Injection.International journal of nanomedicine · 2026Article
- Propofol: Current Updates, Challenges, and Strategies for Improved Self-Nanoemulsifying Formulation.ACS pharmacology & translational science · 2025Review
- Functional analysis of the effects of propofol on tamoxifen‑resistant breast cancer cells: Insights into transcriptional regulation.Oncology letters · 2025Article
- Antiretroviral action of Rosemary oil-based atazanavir formulation and the role of self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery system in the management of HIV-1 infection.Drug delivery and translational research · 2024Article
- Article
- Hospital Production of Sterile 2% Propofol Nanoemulsion: Proof of Concept.Pharmaceutics · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
Abstract
purposePropofol is a relatively short-acting potent anesthetic lipophilic drug used during short surgical procedures. Despite the success of propofol intravenous emulsions, drawbacks to such formulations include inherent emulsion instability, the lack of a safe vehicle to prevent sepsis, and concern regarding hyperlipidemia-related side effects. The aim of the current investigation was to develop a novel, lipid-based self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery system (SNEDDS) for propofol with improved stability and anesthetic activity for human use.
methodsA series of SNEDDS formulations were developed using naturally obtained medium-chain/long-chain mono-, di-, and triglycerides, glyceryl monocaprylate, and water-soluble cosolvents with hydrogenated castor oil constructing ternary phase diagrams for propofol. The developed SNEDDS formulations were characterized using visual observation, particle size analysis, zeta potential, transmission electron microscopy, equilibrium solubility, in vitro dynamic dispersion and stability, and in vivo sleeping disorder studies in rats. The in vivo bioavailability of the SNEDDSs in rats was also studied to compare the representative formulations with the marketed product Diprivan
resultsMedium-chain triglycerides (M810) with mono-diglycerides (CMCM) as an oil blend and hydrogenated castor oil (KHS15) as a surfactant were selected as key ingredients in ternary phase diagram studies. The nanoemulsifying regions were identified from the studies and a number of SNEDDSs were formulated. Results from the characterization studies demonstrated the formation of efficient nanosized particles (28-45 nm globule size, 0.10-0.20 PDI) in the optimized SNEDDS with a drug loading of 50 mg/g, which is almost 500-fold higher than free propofol. TEM analysis showed the formation of spherical and homogeneous nanoparticles of less than 50 nm. The dissolution rate of the representative SNEDDS was faster than raw propofol and able to maintain 99% propofol in aqueous solution for around 24 h. The optimized liquid SNEDDS formulation was found to be thermodynamically stable. The intravenous administration of the SNEDDS in male Wistar rats induced a sleeping time of 73-88 min. The mean plasma concentrations after the IV administration of propofol nano-formulations PF2-SNEDDS and PF8-SNEDDS were 1348.07 ± 27.31 and 1138.66 ± 44.97 µg/mL, as compared to 891.44 ± 26.05 µg/mL (
conclusionPropofol-loaded SNEDDS formulations could be a potential pharmaceutical product with improved stability, bioavailability, and anesthetic activity.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.