ReviewInternational journal of molecular sciences2023
Experimental Models of In Vitro Blood-Brain Barrier for CNS Drug Delivery: An Evolutionary Perspective.
Review in International journal of molecular sciences, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 32 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
32 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Global research trends and hotspots of exosome-mediated drug delivery across the blood-brain barrier: a bibliometric study from 2015 to 2025.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2026Pooled it
- Construction and Applicability Scenarios of 3D Neurovascular Unit Models In Vitro.Biomolecules · 2026Review
- PET imaging of alpha-synuclein: from radiotracer design through in vitro and in vivo translation.European journal of nuclear medicine and molecular imaging · 2026Review
- Review
- BBB-Permeable PROTACs: Where Do We Stand?ACS medicinal chemistry letters · 2026Review
- From Polyphenols to Prodrugs: Bridging the Blood-Brain Barrier with Nanomedicine and Neurotherapeutics.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Intranasal Drug Delivery in Neuropharmacology: Advances in Brain-Targeted Therapies and Bioethical Challenges.Biomedicines · 2026Review
- Review
- Polymeric-Based Theranostic Nanocarriers of Neuroprotective Drugs: Development, Imaging, and Bioanalysis.Molecular pharmaceutics · 2026Article
- Harnessing Nanocarriers to Improve Psychiatric Treatment: Progress, Limitations, and Future Directions.International journal of nanomedicine · 2026Review
- Search for marker proteins to assess blood-brain barrier development.Frontiers in neuroanatomy · 2026Article
- Overcoming the blood-brain barrier in Alzheimer's disease: translational perspectives on advanced drug delivery platforms.Frontiers in neuroscience · 2026Review
- Article
- Nanocarrier Strategies in Glioblastoma: Overcoming Barriers to Effective Brain Tumor Therapy.AAPS PharmSciTech · 2025Review
- Shear Conditioning Promotes Microvascular Endothelial Barrier Resilience in a Human BBB-on-a-Chip Model of Systemic Inflammation Leading to Astrogliosis.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2025Article
- Research Progress on Nasal Delivery of siRNA Nanocarrier Systems for the Treatment of Neurodegenerative Diseases.Pharmaceutics · 2025Review
- Microfluidic-Based Technologies for Crossing the Blood-Brain Barrier Against Alzheimer's Disease: Novel Strategies and Challenges.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Mechanobiology of the blood-brain barrier during development, disease and ageing.Nature communications · 2025Review
- Nanostructured lipid carriers for enhanced batimastat delivery across the blood-brain barrier: an in vitro study for glioblastoma treatment.Drug delivery and translational research · 2025Article
- Recent advances in cell membrane-based biomimetic delivery systems for Parkinson's disease: Perspectives and challenges.Asian journal of pharmaceutical sciences · 2025Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Central nervous system (CNS) disorders represent one of the leading causes of global health burden. Nonetheless, new therapies approved against these disorders are among the lowest compared to their counterparts. The absence of reliable and efficient in vitro blood-brain barrier (BBB) models resembling in vivo barrier properties stands out as a significant roadblock in developing successful therapy for CNS disorders. Therefore, advancement in the creation of robust and sensitive in vitro BBB models for drug screening might allow us to expedite neurological drug development. This review discusses the major in vitro BBB models developed as of now for exploring the barrier properties of the cerebral vasculature. Our main focus is describing existing in vitro models, including the 2D transwell models covering both single-layer and co-culture models, 3D organoid models, and microfluidic models with their construction, permeability measurement, applications, and limitations. Although microfluidic models are better at recapitulating the in vivo properties of BBB than other models, significant gaps still exist for their use in predicting the performance of neurotherapeutics. However, this comprehensive account of in vitro BBB models can be useful for researchers to create improved models in the future.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.