ArticleInternational journal of molecular sciences2023
Effectiveness and Safety of Over-the-Counter Tooth-Whitening Agents Compared to Hydrogen Peroxide In Vitro.
Article in International journal of molecular sciences, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 19 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
19 citing papers in PubMed.
- Evaluation of tooth sensitivity and whitening effects of tooth whitening agents containing calcium, hydroxyapatite and fluoride.Odontology · 2026Article
- Effects of phthalimidoperoxycaproic acid (PAP+) associated or not with LED irradiation as a bleaching agent: an in vitro study.Lasers in medical science · 2026Article
- Tooth-whitening treatment with potassium sodium tartrate: a non-invasive method that preserves enamel integrity.BDJ open · 2026Article
- The Stain Reduction and Whitening Efficacy of an Enzyme-Enhanced Mouthwash: A Comparative Study.Clinical, cosmetic and investigational dentistry · 2026Article
- Ex vivo comparative study of at home bleaching products on whitening efficacy and enamel integrity.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Tooth-Whitening Agents and Polymer-Based Carriers: Efficacy, Safety, and Clinical Perspectives.Polymers · 2025Review
- Article
- Hydrogen Peroxide-Free Color Correctors for Tooth Whitening in Adolescents and Young Adults: A Systematic Review of In Vitro and Clinical Evidence.Dentistry journal · 2025Review
- The Influence of Bleaching Intensity and Laser Activation on the Durability of Selected Aesthetic Composites-An In Vitro Study.Journal of functional biomaterials · 2025Article
- Effect of Experimental Bleaching Gels With Enzymes on Composite and Enamel.International dental journal · 2025Article
- Effects of Bromelain and Papain in Tooth Whitening and Caries Removal: A Literature Review.Dentistry journal · 2025Review
- Factors associated with indication of tooth whitening during orthodontic treatment.Journal of clinical and experimental dentistry · 2025Article
- Whitening Efficiency of Papain and Bromelain Gels in Removing Dental Stains.Gels (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Investigating the impact of whitening toothpastes on bioactive resin-based restorative materials: a comparative analysis.BMC oral health · 2024Article
- Optical, Mechanical, and Chemical Impact of Brushing with Activated Charcoal Toothpowder and Toothpaste on Dental Enamel: An In Vitro Evaluation.Materials (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- New Insights Regarding the Use of Relevant Synthetic Compounds in Dentistry.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Review
- Evaluating the efficiency of two different over-the-counter tooth whitening systems: a randomised controlled clinical trial.BDJ open · 2024Article
- Review
- Assessment of Color Change, Esthetic Perception, Treatment Satisfaction, and Side Effects Following the Use of Over-the-Counter Whitening Products.Acta stomatologica Croatica · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
9 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
(1) This study investigated the whitening effect, cytotoxicity and enamel surface alterations induced by different over-the-counter (OTC) bleaching agents in comparison to hydrogen peroxide. (2) Human teeth (n = 60) were randomly assigned into 6 groups (n = 10), stained with coffee solution for 7 d, followed by a whitening period of 7 d with either placebo, bromelain, sodium bicarbonate, sodium chlorite, PAP or hydrogen peroxide. Color measurements were performed with a spectrophotometer. Scanning electron micrographs (SEM) were taken to assess the enamel structure. Cytotoxicity of the tested substances was assessed based on the cell viability of primary human fibroblasts. (3) The application of all whitening gels resulted in a greater color difference of the enamel (ΔE) in comparison to the negative control. Hydrogen peroxide caused the greatest color difference. Bromelain and PAP treatment showed no enamel surface changes, in contrast to hydrogen peroxide treatment, which showed very mild interprismatic dissolution. Bromelain was the only non-cytotoxic agent. (4) The maximum effect achieved by all OTC bleaching agents was the removal of stains, whereas hydrogen peroxide was capable of further whitening the teeth. Bromelain treatment was neither cytotoxic, nor resulted in enamel surface alterations, and its whitening effect was less, yet still effective, compared to hydrogen peroxide.
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