ArticleCells2023
Risk Assessment of Transgender People: Development of Rodent Models Mimicking Gender-Affirming Hormone Therapies and Identification of Sex-Dimorphic Liver Genes as Novel Biomarkers of Sex Transition.
Article in Cells, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 10 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
10 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- A systematic review of transgender male rodent model methodology.Animal models and experimental medicine · 2025Pooled it
- No impact of sex or testosterone treatment on wheel running in a rat model of inflammatory bowel disease.Biology of sex differences · 2026Article
- Cardiovascular risk of gender-affirming estrogen therapy in a transgender rat model.Journal of molecular medicine (Berlin, Germany) · 2025Article
- A Preclinical Investigation of Estrogenic Bone Protection in a Hypertensive Rat Model Under Gender-Affirming Hormone Therapy.Biology · 2025Article
- Pathogenesis and research progress of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease/nonalcoholic steatohepatitis.World journal of hepatology · 2024Article
- A Mouse Model to Investigate the Impact of Gender Affirming Hormone Therapy with Estradiol on Reproduction.Advanced biology · 2024Article
- A Review of Animal Models Investigating the Reproductive Effects of Gender-Affirming Hormone Therapy.Journal of clinical medicine · 2024Review
- Risk assessment of transgender people: implementation of a demasculinizing-feminizing rodent model including the evaluation of thyroid homeostasis.Biology direct · 2024Article
- The Utility of Preclinical Models in Understanding the Bone Health of Transgender Individuals Undergoing Gender-Affirming Hormone Therapy.Current osteoporosis reports · 2023Review
- Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
8 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Transgender (TG) describes individuals whose gender identity differs from the social norms. TG people undergoing gender-affirming hormone therapy (HT) may be considered a sub-group of the population susceptible to environmental contaminants for their targets and modes of action. The aim of this study is to set appropriate HT doses and identify specific biomarkers to implement TG animal models. Four adult rats/group/sex were subcutaneously exposed to three doses of HT (plus control) selected starting from available data. The demasculinizing-feminizing models (dMF) were β-estradiol plus cyproterone acetate, at 0.09 + 0.33, 0.09 + 0.93 and 0.18 + 0.33 mg, respectively, five times/week. The defeminizing-masculinizing models (dFM) were testosterone (T) at 0.45, 0.95 and 2.05 mg, two times/week. Clitoral gain and sperm count, histopathological analysis of reproductive organs and liver, hormone serum levels and gene expression of sex-dimorphic CYP450 were evaluated. In the dMF model, the selected doses-leading to T serum levels at the range of the corresponding cisgender-induced strong general toxicity and cannot be used in long-term studies. In the dFM model, 0.45 mg of T represents the correct dose. In addition, the endpoints selected are considered suitable and reliable to implement the animal model. The sex-specific CYP expression is a suitable biomarker to set proper (de)masculinizing/(de)feminizing HT and to implement TG animal models.
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