ReviewCells2023
The Pursuit of the "Inside" of the Amyloid Hypothesis-Is C99 a Promising Therapeutic Target for Alzheimer's Disease?
Review in Cells, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 14 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
14 citing papers in PubMed, 23 citations in OpenAlex.
- Amyloid precursor protein is a subunit of microglial Hv1 channels.Current opinion in immunology · 2026Review
- Therapeutic Options for Alzheimer's Disease and Aging-Associated Cognitive Decline: State of the Art in the ACH2.0 Paradigm.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Modeling Late-Onset Sporadic Alzheimer's Disease Using Patient-Derived Cells: A Review.Neurology international · 2026Review
- Detergent-free isolation and characterization of amyloid precursor protein C99 in E. coli native lipid-nanodiscs using non-ionic polymer.Protein science : a publication of the Protein Society · 2025Article
- Alzheimer's Is a Multiform Disease of Sustained Neuronal Integrated Stress Response Driven by the C99 Fragment Generated Independently of AβPP; Proteolytic Production of Aβ Is Suppressed in AD-Affected Neurons: Evolution of a Theory.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Iron Homeostasis Dysregulation, Oro-Gastrointestinal Microbial Inflammatory Factors, and Alzheimer's Disease: A Narrative Review.Microorganisms · 2025Review
- Article
- Direct and indirect role of non-coding RNAs in company with amyloid and tau protein in promoting neuroinflammation in post-ischemic brain neurodegeneration.Frontiers in cellular neuroscience · 2025Review
- Mechanisms of autophagy-lysosome dysfunction in neurodegenerative diseases.Nature reviews. Molecular cell biology · 2024Review
- Article
- Autophagy-lysosomal-associated neuronal death in neurodegenerative disease.Acta neuropathologica · 2024Review
- Combination of Tramiprosate, Curcumin, and SP600125 Reduces the Neuropathological Phenotype in Familial Alzheimer Disease PSEN1 I416T Cholinergic-like Neurons.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Article
- Cholesterol-dependent amyloid β production: space for multifarious interactions between amyloid precursor protein, secretases, and cholesterol.Cell & bioscience · 2023Review
- Biomarkers associated with the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease.Frontiers in cellular neuroscience · 2023Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Aducanumab, co-developed by Eisai (Japan) and Biogen (U.S.), has received Food and Drug Administration approval for treating Alzheimer's disease (AD). In addition, its successor antibody, lecanemab, has been approved. These antibodies target the aggregated form of the small peptide, amyloid-β (Aβ), which accumulates in the patient brain. The "amyloid hypothesis" based therapy that places the aggregation and toxicity of Aβ at the center of the etiology is about to be realized. However, the effects of immunotherapy are still limited, suggesting the need to reconsider this hypothesis. Aβ is produced from a type-I transmembrane protein, Aβ precursor protein (APP). One of the APP metabolites, the 99-amino acids C-terminal fragment (C99, also called βCTF), is a direct precursor of Aβ and accumulates in the AD patient's brain to demonstrate toxicity independent of Aβ. Conventional drug discovery strategies have focused on Aβ toxicity on the "outside" of the neuron, but C99 accumulation might explain the toxicity on the "inside" of the neuron, which was overlooked in the hypothesis. Furthermore, the common region of C99 and Aβ is a promising target for multifunctional AD drugs. This review aimed to outline the nature, metabolism, and impact of C99 on AD pathogenesis and discuss whether it could be a therapeutic target complementing the amyloid hypothesis.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.