ReviewCancers2023
The Evolving Landscape of Leptomeningeal Cancer from Solid Tumors: A Systematic Review of Clinical Trials.
Review in Cancers, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 8 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
8 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Risk Factors for Delayed Leptomeningeal Dissemination in Choroid Plexus Papillomas: A Systematic Review and Illustrative Case.Current oncology (Toronto, Ont.) · 2026Pooled it
- Investigation of 6-thioguanine as a strategy to overcome methotrexate resistance in a mouse model of leptomeningeal carcinomatosis.Journal of neuro-oncology · 2025Article
- Intrathecal pemetrexed in patients with epidermal growth factor receptor-tyrosine kinase inhibitor (EGFR-TKI) resistant refractory leptomeningeal metastasis lung adenocarcinoma: a retrospective study.Journal of thoracic disease · 2025Article
- Leptomeningeal carcinomatosis in gastric cancer: A Review.Gastric cancer : official journal of the International Gastric Cancer Association and the Japanese Gastric Cancer Association · 2025Review
- Leptomeningeal metastatic disease: new frontiers and future directions.Nature reviews. Clinical oncology · 2025Review
- Early Outcomes from Proton Craniospinal Irradiation for Leptomeningeal Metastasis From Solid Tumors.Advances in radiation oncology · 2025Article
- Complex diagnosis and management of metastatic esophagogastric junction adenocarcinoma with colonic and meningeal involvement.Einstein (Sao Paulo, Brazil) · 2025Article
- Intrathecal topotecan with systemic checkpoint inhibitor therapy for gastroesophageal cancer with leptomeningeal involvement: two case reports and review of the literature.Journal of gastrointestinal oncology · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
8 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Leptomeningeal carcinomatosis (LMC) is a fatal but uncommon complication occurring in 5-15% of patients with stage IV cancer. Current treatment options are ineffective at managing leptomeningeal spread, with a median overall survival (mOS) of 2-6 months. We aimed to conduct a systematic review of the literature to identify past and future therapies for LMC from solid tumors. Forty-three clinical trials (CTs) published between 1982-2022 were identified. Of these, 35 (81.4%) were non-randomized CTs and 8 (18.6%) were randomized CTs. The majority consisted of phase I (16.3%) and phase II CTs (65.1%). Trials enrolled patients with LMC from various primary histology (n = 23, 57.5%), with one CT evaluating LCM from melanoma (2.4%). A total of 21 trials evaluated a single modality treatment. Among CTs, 23.7% closed due to low accrual. Intraventricular (ITV)/intrathecal (IT) drug delivery was the most common route of administration (n = 22, 51.2%) vs. systemic drug delivery (n = 13, 30.3%). Two clinical trials evaluated the use of craniospinal irradiation for LMC with favorable results. LMC continues to carry a dismal prognosis, and over the years, increments in survival have remained stagnant. A paradigm shift towards targeted systemic therapy with continued standardization of efficacy endpoints will help to shed light on promising treatments.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.