ReviewJournal of translational medicine2023
BCG-induced trained immunity: history, mechanisms and potential applications.
Review in Journal of translational medicine, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 96 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
96 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Pooled it
- COVID-19 mRNA Vaccines as Antigen-Agnostic Immunomodulators: A Repurposing Perspective.Medical sciences (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Trained immunity: New insights into pathogenesis and therapeutic targets in diabetes and diabetic complications.Genes & diseases · 2026Review
- Beyond the BCG Paradox: Biological Rationale and Clinical Evidence for Combining Intravesical BCG with Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors in High-Risk Non-muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer.Oncology and therapy · 2026Review
- Metabolic-epigenetic rewiring of CCR5Science advances · 2026Article
- Epigenetic reprogramming by BCG (Bacillus Calmette-Guérin) vaccination: A novel strategy to reverse immunodeficiency in chronic kidney disease.The Indian journal of medical research · 2026Review
- MPOInt: An Epigenetics-Driven Workflow for Integrative Multi-Level Proteomics.Journal of proteome research · 2026Article
- BCG Scar Reactivation During Influenza Infection in the Absence of Kawasaki Disease: A Primary Care Case Report.Clinical case reports · 2026Article
- Trained immunity modulators: A new frontier in immunoregulation and disease intervention.Journal of advanced research · 2026Review
- Trained Immunity Induced by Vaccines: A Shifting Paradigm for Infant and Adult Immunity.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) Vaccination and the Immune-Brain Axis: Implications for Neuroprotection and Neurodegenerative Disease.Vaccines · 2026Review
- Monocyte/macrophage-mediated trained immunity in disease prevention and immunotherapy.Bioactive materials · 2026Review
- Microglial Innate Immune Memory: Implications and Research Advances in Central Nervous System Disorders.Current issues in molecular biology · 2026Review
- Engineered BCG selectively triggers trained immunity in tumor-associated macrophages and sensitizes glioblastoma to radiotherapy in mice.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Tissue context as a determinant of trained innate immunity: a conserved molecular toolkit with divergent functional outputs.Journal of leukocyte biology · 2026Review
- From Eradication to Holistic Regeneration: Pharmaceutics Strategies for Reshaping Gastric Homeostasis AgainstPharmaceutics · 2026Review
- Potential Non-Specific Benefits of Seasonal Influenza Vaccination: Evidence, Knowledge Gaps, and Future Directions.Vaccines · 2026Review
- Innate Immunity Trained in the Protective Response of Vaccine Candidates Against Intracellular Pathogens.Vaccines · 2026Article
- Self-destructing attenuated adjuvant Salmonella serves as a safe and potent live vaccine adjuvant.NPJ vaccines · 2026Article
- Screening and in silico evaluation of candidate late-stage antigens for incorporation into multi-stage and post-exposure vaccines against tuberculosis.NPJ vaccines · 2026Review
36 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
10 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine was discovered a century ago and has since been clinically applicable. BCG can not only be used for the prevention of tuberculosis, but also has a non-specific protective effect on the human body called trained immunity that is mediated by innate immune cells such as monocytes, macrophages, and natural killer cells. Mechanisms of trained immunity include epigenetic reprogramming, metabolic reprogramming, and long-term protection mediated by hematopoietic stem cells. Trained immunity has so far shown beneficial effects on cancer, viral-infections, autoimmune diseases, and a variety of other diseases, especially bladder cancer, respiratory viruses, and type 1 diabetes. The modulation of the immune response by BCG has led to the development of a variety of recombinant vaccines. Although the specific mechanism of BCG prevention on diseases has not been fully clarified, the potential role of BCG deserves further exploration, which is of great significance for prevention and treatment of diseases.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.