ReviewTobacco induced diseases2023
Cigarette smoking and prostate cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies.
Review in Tobacco induced diseases, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 36 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
36 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 45 citations in OpenAlex.
- Comparison of the health-related outcomes for traditional cigarettes, e-cigarettes, heat-not-burn cigarettes and snus: a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMC public health · 2026Pooled it
- Targeting Modifiable Risks: Molecular Mechanisms and Population Burden of Lifestyle Factors on Male Genitourinary Health.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Pooled it
- 2022 Update on Prostate Cancer Epidemiology and Risk Factors-A Systematic Review.European urology · 2023Pooled it
- Genitourinary malignancy among patients presenting with microscopic hematuria in Northwestern Ontario.Canadian Urological Association journal = Journal de l'Association des urologues du Canada · 2026Article
- Exploring Genetic Contributions to Prostate Cancer Risk in an Asian Population-Based Study.Cancer medicine · 2026Article
- Integrating lifestyle and clinical data in prostate cancer: expert assessment of a questionnaire.World journal of urology · 2026Article
- Prostate Cancer in the MENA Region: Attributable Burden of Behavioral and Environmental Exposures.Toxics · 2026Article
- Mortality and morbidity burden associated with smoking: evidence from a 1.6 million cohort in Hong Kong.BMC medicine · 2026Article
- Smoking Habits, Physical Activity and BMI as Predictors of Cognitive and Affective Function in Patients with Prostate Cancer.Research and reports in urology · 2026Article
- Smoking and the risk of prostate cancer: a review of risk and disease progression.Genes and environment : the official journal of the Japanese Environmental Mutagen Society · 2025Review
- Ecofriendly magnesium oxide nanoparticles: anticancer, antimicrobial, and antidiabetic potentials in vitro.AMB Express · 2025Article
- Early Detection of Prostate Cancer Using Novel ELISA-Based Biomarkers: Insights into Inflammatory and Tumor-Specific Pathways.Asian Pacific journal of cancer prevention : APJCP · 2025Article
- Algorithm to detect ISUP ≥ 2 prostate cancer using canine detection.World journal of urology · 2025Article
- Lifestyle-Related Factors and Dietary Components that Affect the Risk of Prostate Cancer in a Brazilian Study Group.Asian Pacific journal of cancer prevention : APJCP · 2025Article
- Nicotine and tar-multiple targets synergize to alter the immune micro-environment to induce prostate cancer.Discover oncology · 2025Article
- Healthy lifestyle habits, educational attainment, and the risk of 45 age-related health and mortality outcomes in the UK: A prospective cohort study.The journal of nutrition, health & aging · 2025Article
- Prostate Cancer-Research Advances in Early Detection.Journal of clinical medicine · 2025Review
- Second primary cancers among males with a first primary prostate cancer: a population-based study in Northern Portugal.Clinical and experimental medicine · 2025Article
- Disparities Between Rural and Urban Patients With Prostate Cancer in Nebraska.Cancer medicine · 2025Article
- Association of cigarette use with risk of prostate cancer among US males: a cross-sectional study from NHANES 1999-2020.BMC public health · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
introductionCigarette smoking is a well-known cancer-causing behavior and a leading cause of death from cancer. However, according to previously published research and meta-analyses, cigarette smoking has a significant inverse association with prostate cancer incidence. Therefore, this study aims to investigate this association based on updated evidence by conducting a systematic review and meta-analysis.
methodsA search for relevant articles was performed in PubMed and Scopus databases to obtain the pooled relative risk (RR) and the corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the risk of prostate cancer incidence among smokers compared to non-smokers. Our search was limited to prospective cohort studies.
resultsA total of 17 cohort studies were included in the systematic review. Fifteen studies were included in the meta-analysis and showed that cigarette smoking has an inverse association with prostate cancer incidence with a relative risk of 0.84 (95% CI: 0.78-0.91). From all cohorts included in this systematic review, five studies examined the association between current smokers and the risk of death from prostate cancer. Therefore, a meta-analysis of these cohort studies was performed and showed that current smokers had a 42% higher risk of death from prostate cancer when compared to non-smokers with a relative risk of 1.42 (95% CI: 1.20-1.68).
conclusionsData from observational studies suggest that cigarette smoking has an inverse association with prostate cancer incidence. However, smokers have an increased risk of death from prostate cancer. Important to realize that this lower risk for smokers might be attributed to low prostate cancer screening uptake among smokers, misclassification bias, or selection bias from the included original studies. In summary, our results indicate that the incidence of prostate cancer is lower among smokers. Nevertheless, smokers who develop the disease have a significantly worse prognosis.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.