SynthesisFrontiers in immunology2022
Cytokine/chemokine levels in the CSF and serum of anti-NMDAR encephalitis: A systematic review and meta-analysis.
Synthesis in Frontiers in immunology, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 21 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
21 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 31 citations in OpenAlex.
- A systematic review of therapeutic and paradoxical roles of tumor necrosis factor α inhibitors in autoimmune blistering diseases.Inflammopharmacology · 2026Pooled it
- Cerebrospinal fluid CXCL13 concentration for diagnosis of neurosyphilis: a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMJ open · 2024Pooled it
- Anti-NMDA Receptor Encephalitis Associated with Ovarian Teratoma: A Comprehensive Review.Biomedicines · 2026Review
- Single-Cell Profiling Reveals Clonally Expanded CX3CR1Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2026Article
- Protein Profiling Identifies Biomarkers for Predicting Disease Severity in Anti-NMDAR Encephalitis.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- CSF-Compartmentalized Antibody Glycoprofiles in NMDAR Encephalitis Associate with Etiology and Functional Recovery.Annals of neurology · 2026Article
- The anti-NMDAR1 antibodies and IL-17 signaling pathway shape NMDAR encephalitis.Molecular psychiatry · 2026Article
- Integrated Transcriptomic and Machine Learning Analysis Reveals Immune-Related Regulatory Networks in Anti-NMDAR Encephalitis.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- Elevated CHI3L1 as a Potential Biomarker of Cognitive Dysfunction in Anti-NMDAR Encephalitis: Evidence From Clinical Results and Mice Model.CNS neuroscience & therapeutics · 2026Article
- The role of CSF IL-6 levels in diagnosis and outcome prediction of autoimmune encephalitis.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Characterizing CSF inflammatory proteomics in pediatric post-hemorrhagic hydrocephalus and Anti-NMDAR encephalitis.Journal of neuroinflammation · 2025Article
- Overlapping autoimmune encephalitis with tripartite autoantibody positivity (NMDAR, GFAP, mGluR5) associated with papillary thyroid carcinoma: a case report.BMC neurology · 2025Article
- Taurine Attenuates Neuronal Ferroptosis by CSF-Derived Exosomes of GABABR Encephalitis Through GABABR/NF2/P-YAP Pathway.Molecular neurobiology · 2025Article
- The Clinical Trial Landscape in Autoimmune Encephalitis: Challenges and Opportunities.Neurology · 2025Review
- The therapeutic effect of ofatumumab in pediatric anti-NMDAR encephalitis: A case series.Heliyon · 2024Article
- Late relapse of anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) encephalitis: a case report.Journal of medical case reports · 2024Article
- Proinflammatory Chemokine Levels in Cerebrospinal Fluid of Patients with Neuroinvasive Flavivirus Infections.Microorganisms · 2024Article
- Innovation and optimization in autoimmune encephalitis trials: the design and rationale for the Phase 3, randomized study of satralizumab in patients with NMDAR-IgG-antibody-positive or LGI1-IgG-antibody-positive autoimmune encephalitis (CIELO).Frontiers in neurology · 2024Article
- Increased serum phenylalanine/tyrosine ratio associated with the psychiatric symptom of anti-NMDAR encephalitis.Frontiers in neurology · 2024Article
- Interleukin 6: at the interface of human health and disease.Frontiers in immunology · 2023Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Objectives: To summarize the cytokine/chemokine levels of anti-N-methyl-Daspartate receptor encephalitis (NMDAR-E) and explore the potential role of these molecules and immune cells in the pathogenic mechanism. Methods: The PubMed, Cochrane Library, Embase, and Web of Science databases were searched for various articles that assessed the concentrations of cytokines/chemokines in the unstimulated cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) or serum of patients with NMDAR-E in this systematic review and meta-analysis. The standardized mean difference (SMD) and 95% confidence interval (CI) were calculated by Stata17.0. Results: A total of 19 articles were included in the systematic review from 260 candidate papers, and cytokine/chemokine levels reported in the CSF/serum were examined in each article. This meta-analysis included 17 eligible studies comprising 579 patients with NMDAR-E, 367 patients with noninflammatory neurological disorders, and 42 healthy controls from China, Spain, South Korea, Australia, Czechia, and Sweden. The results indicated that the levels of different cytokines interleukin (IL)-6, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, IL-10, IL-13, IL-1β, IL-12, and IL-17 and chemokine C-X-C motif ligand (CXCL)10 in the CSF were significantly higher in NMDAR-E patients with a large effect size. In addition, B cell activating factor (BAFF), CXCL13, and interferon (IFN)-γ levels in the CSF were higher in NMDAR-E patients with a middle effect size. In contrast, levels of IL-2 and IL-4 in the CSF and CXCL13 and BAFF in the serum did not show a significant difference between cases and controls. Conclusions: These analyses showed that the central immune response in NMDAR-E is a process that involves multiple immune cell interactions mediated by cytokines/chemokines, and T cells play an important role in the pathogenesis of immunity. Systematic review registration: https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/, identifier (CRD42022342485).
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.