ArticleBMJ open2023
Multimorbidity of cardiometabolic diseases: a cross-sectional study of patterns, clusters and associated risk factors in sub-Saharan Africa.
Article in BMJ open, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 23 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
23 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Prevalence of cardiometabolic diseases in Sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Global health action · 2025Pooled it
- Article
- Retention and Acceptability of a Linkage-to-Care Intervention Among Patients with Chronic Conditions in Rural South Africa.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2026Article
- Physical activity and sitting time as correlates of cardiometabolic multimorbidity risk in U.S. adults: an explainable machine learning classification model using SHAP and LIME.BMC public health · 2026Article
- Association between modified cardiometabolic index and cardiometabolic multimorbidity in middle-aged and older adults: evidence from two nationwide cohort studies.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Development of a risk assessment model for multimorbidity of diabetes, hypertension, and coronary heart disease with XGBoost in primary care in Shanghai, China: a retrospective study.BMC cardiovascular disorders · 2026Article
- Article
- Prevalence, correlates of dyslipidaemia, and 10-year cardiovascular risk among people living with HIV and people without HIV adults in Rwanda: insights from the NCOHIRWA cohort study.Lipids in health and disease · 2025Article
- Development and psychometric testing of symptom severity scale in older patients with cardiometabolic multimorbidity.BMC geriatrics · 2025Article
- Prevalence and factors associated with cardiometabolic multimorbidity: a cross-sectional study in older adults of the first Brazilian hypertension registry.BMC cardiovascular disorders · 2025Article
- Study on the association between dietary patterns and cardiovascular metabolic comorbidities among adults.Journal of health, population, and nutrition · 2025Article
- Multimorbidity and its correlates in middle-aged and older adults in a city of North India.Journal of family medicine and primary care · 2025Article
- Article
- Exploring the synergistic effects of Life's Essential 8, insulin resistance, and CRP on cardiometabolic multimorbidity risk.Frontiers in nutrition · 2025Article
- Cardiometabolic multimorbidity and symptoms of common mental disorders in a primary healthcare system for low-income urban population in Pakistan.PLOS global public health · 2025Article
- Cardiometabolic Risk Clusters and Their Reproductive Correlates: A Latent Class Analysis of Indian Women.Global heart · 2025Article
- Lifestyle Factors and Associations with Individual and Comorbid Cardiometabolic and Pulmonary Disease Among U.S. Adults.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2024Article
- Metabolic Syndrome and Its Component Factors Among Corporate Company Employees in Kampala Uganda.Research square · 2024Article
- Article
- The association between Chinese visceral adiposity index and cardiometabolic multimorbidity among Chinese middle-aged and older adults: a national cohort study.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectiveTo determine the patterns of cardiometabolic multimorbidity and associated risk factors in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA).
designWe used data from the WHO STEPwise approach to non-communicable disease risk factor surveillance cross-sectional surveys conducted between 2014 and 2017.
participantsThe participants comprised 39, 658 respondents aged 15-69 years randomly selected from nine SSA countries using a multistage stratified sampling design. PRIMARY OUTCOME MEASURE: Using latent class analysis and agglomerative hierarchical clustering algorithms, we analysed the clustering of cardiometabolic diseases (CMDs) including high blood sugar, hypercholesterolaemia, hypertension and cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) such as heart attack, angina and stroke. Clusters of lifestyle risk factors: harmful salt intake, physical inactivity, obesity, tobacco and alcohol use were also computed. Prevalence ratios (PR) from modified Poisson regression were used to assess the association of cardiometabolic multimorbidity with sociodemographic and lifestyle risk factors.
resultsTwo distinct classes of CMDs were identified: relatively healthy group with minimal CMDs (95.2%) and cardiometabolic multimorbidity class comprising participants with high blood sugar, hypercholesterolaemia, hypertension and CVDs (4.8%). The clusters of lifestyle risk factors included alcohol, tobacco and harmful salt consumption (27.0%), and physical inactivity and obesity (5.8%). The cardiometabolic multimorbidity cluster exhibited unique sociodemographic and lifestyle risk profiles. Being female (PR=1.7, 95% CI (1.5 to 2.0), middle-aged (35-54 years) (3.9 (95% CI 3.2 to 4.8)), compared with age 15-34 years, employed (1.2 (95% CI 1.1 to 1.4)), having tertiary education (2.5 (95% CI 2.0 to 3.3)), vs no formal education and clustering of physical inactivity and obesity (2.4 (95% CI 2.0 to 2.8)) were associated with a higher likelihood of cardiometabolic multimorbidity.
conclusionOur findings show that cardiometabolic multimorbidity and lifestyle risk factors cluster in distinct patterns with a disproportionate burden among women, middle-aged, persons in high socioeconomic positions, and those with sedentary lifestyles and obesity. These results provide insights for health systems response in SSA to focus on these clusters as potential targets for integrated care.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.