ArticleEpidemiology and psychiatric sciences2023
Schizophrenia as a risk factor for cardiovascular and metabolic health outcomes: a comparative risk assessment.
Article in Epidemiology and psychiatric sciences, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 18 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
18 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 26 citations in OpenAlex.
- Schizophrenia and type 2 diabetes risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2024Pooled it
- Concomitant pathologies and their impact on schizophrenia: a narrative overview of current evidence.Journal of neural transmission (Vienna, Austria : 1996) · 2026Review
- The Economic Impact of Cumulative Metabolic Comorbidity Burden in Schizophrenia: A Claims-Based Analysis of Medical Costs in the United States.Neurology and therapy · 2026Article
- Circulating RBP4 and FABP4 concentrations in patients with chronic schizophrenia are associated with increased epicardial adipose tissue volume and metabolic syndrome.European archives of psychiatry and clinical neuroscience · 2026Article
- Disrupted genes and pathways in schizophrenia: a robust analysis of the brain and blood.BMC psychiatry · 2025Article
- Patient Life Engagement and Metabolic Profile Improve After Switching from First-/Second-Generation Antipsychotics to Brexpiprazole: A Real-World Study in Patients with Schizophrenia.Journal of personalized medicine · 2025Article
- Trends and cross-country inequalities in schizophrenia from 1990 to 2021, with prediction to 2035: a systematic analysis of the global burden of disease study 2021.BMC psychiatry · 2025Article
- Placebo and nocebo phenomena in schizophrenia spectrum disorders: a narrative review on current knowledge and potential future directions.Psychological medicine · 2025Review
- Whole transcriptome sequencing to uncover CircRNA expression patterns linked to schizophrenia pathogenesis.European journal of medical research · 2025Article
- Anthropometric and Physiological Measures in Individuals With At-Risk Mental State (ARMS) Compared With Individuals With Schizophrenia: Findings From a Lower Middle-Income Country.Early intervention in psychiatry · 2025Article
- A comparison of asymmetric dimethylarginine, arginine, galectin-3, and echocardiographic data with bipolar disorder and schizophrenia.Revista da Associacao Medica Brasileira (1992) · 2025Article
- Olanzapine-Induced Weight Gain and Glycolipid Metabolism Aberrations in First-Episode and Antipsychotic-Naïve Schizophrenia Patients: A Longitudinal Study.Current neuropharmacology · 2025Article
- Trends in incidence, prevalence, and disability-adjusted life years of schizophrenia in China from 1990 to 2021, with projections for 2022-2050.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2025Article
- Multimorbidity in Severe Mental Illness as Part of the Neurodevelopmental Continuum: Physical Health-Related Endophenotypes of Schizophrenia-A Narrative Review.Brain sciences · 2024Review
- Anti-spike antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccines in people with schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder.Brain, behavior, & immunity - health · 2024Article
- Multimorbidity and the Etiology of Schizophrenia.Current psychiatry reports · 2024Review
- Unsupervised Machine Learning Driven Analysis of Verbatims of Treatment-Resistant Schizophrenia Patients Having Followed Avatar Therapy.Journal of personalized medicine · 2023Article
- Inter-relationships of risk factors and pathways associated with all-cause mortality in patients with chronic schizophrenia.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
aimsCardiometabolic diseases are responsible for the majority of premature deaths in people with schizophrenia. This study aimed to quantify the fatal burden of ischaemic heart disease (IHD), stroke and diabetes attributable to schizophrenia.
methodsComparative Risk Assessment methodology from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study was used to calculate attributable burden; pooled relative risks (RRs) for IHD, stroke and diabetes were estimated via meta-regression, which were combined with GBD schizophrenia prevalence estimates to calculate the deaths and years of life lost (YLLs) caused by these health outcomes that were attributable to schizophrenia. The proportion of explained all-cause fatal burden and corresponding unexplained burden was also calculated.
resultsThe pooled RRs for IHD, stroke and diabetes mortality were 2.36 [95% uncertainty interval (UI) 1.77 to 3.14], 1.86 (95% UI 1.36 to 2.54) and 4.08 (95% UI 3.80 to 4.38) respectively. Schizophrenia was responsible for around 50 000 deaths and almost 1.5 million YLLs globally in 2019 from these health outcomes combined. IHD, stroke and diabetes together explained around 13% of all deaths and almost 11% of all YLLs attributable to schizophrenia, resulting in 320 660 (95% UI 288 299 to 356 517) unexplained deaths and 12 258 690 (95% UI 10 925 426 to 13 713 646) unexplained YLLs.
conclusionsQuantifying the physical disease burden attributable to schizophrenia provides a means of capturing the substantial excess mortality associated with this disorder within the GBD framework, contributing to an important evidence base for healthcare planning and practice.
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