ArticleFrontiers in immunology2023
Persistent T cell-mediated immune responses against Omicron variants after the third COVID-19 mRNA vaccine dose.
Article in Frontiers in immunology, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 15 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
15 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 23 citations in OpenAlex.
- Meta-analysis of hybrid immunity to mitigate the risk of Omicron variant reinfection.Frontiers in public health · 2024Pooled it
- HLA-E-restricted SARS-CoV-2 epitopes drive CD8Journal of translational medicine · 2026Article
- Influenza A(H5N8) vaccine induces humoral and cell-mediated immunity against highly pathogenic avian influenza clade 2.3.4.4b A(H5N1) viruses in at-risk individuals.Nature microbiology · 2026Observational
- Ethnic Comparisons of Spike-Specific CD4+ T Cells, Serological Responses, and Neutralizing Antibody Titers Against SARS-CoV-2 Variants.Vaccines · 2025Article
- Dynamic SARS-CoV-2-specific B-cell and T-cell responses induced in people living with HIV after a full course of inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Article
- The comprehensive SARS-CoV-2 'hijackome' knowledge base.Cell discovery · 2024Article
- Humoral responses to multiple SARS-CoV-2 variants after two doses of vaccine in kidney transplant patients.Virulence · 2024Article
- Estimate the number of lives saved by a SARS-CoV-2 vaccination campaign in six states in the United States with a simple model.IJID regions · 2024Article
- Monitoring of adaptive immune responses in healthcare workers who received a Coronavirus disease 2019 vaccine booster dose.Health science reports · 2024Article
- Feline Infectious Peritonitis mRNA Vaccine Elicits Both Humoral and Cellular Immune Responses in Mice.Vaccines · 2024Article
- Neutralizing antibodies after the third COVID-19 vaccination in healthcare workers with or without breakthrough infection.Communications medicine · 2024Article
- Safety and Efficacy of Inactivated SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine in Patients with Rheumatic Diseases and Serum Antibody Changes Post-Omicron Variant Infection.Rheumatology and therapy · 2024Article
- Review
- Long-term COVID-19 vaccine- and Omicron infection-induced humoral and cell-mediated immunity.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Article
- T cell immunity following COVID-19 vaccination in adult patients with primary antibody deficiency - a 22-month follow-up.Frontiers in immunology · 2023Article
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Authors and funding
21 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Introduction: The prime-boost COVID-19 mRNA vaccination strategy has proven to be effective against severe COVID-19 disease and death. However, concerns have been raised due to decreasing neutralizing antibody levels after COVID-19 vaccination and due to the emergence of new immuno-evasive SARS-CoV-2 variants that may require additional booster vaccinations. Methods: In this study, we analyzed the humoral and cell-mediated immune responses against the Omicron BA.1 and BA.2 subvariants in Finnish healthcare workers (HCWs) vaccinated with three doses of COVID-19 mRNA vaccines. We used enzyme immunoassay and microneutralization test to analyze the levels of SARS-CoV-2 specific IgG antibodies in the sera of the vaccinees and the in vitro neutralization capacity of the sera. Activation induced marker assay together with flow cytometry and extracellular cytokine analysis was used to determine responses in SARS-CoV-2 spike protein stimulated PBMCs. Results: Here we show that within the HCWs, the third mRNA vaccine dose recalls both humoral and T cell-mediated immune responses and induces high levels of neutralizing antibodies against Omicron BA.1 and BA.2 variants. Three weeks after the third vaccine dose, SARS-CoV-2 wild type spike protein-specific CD4 Discussion: We show that after the administration of the third mRNA vaccine dose the levels of both humoral and cell-mediated immune responses are effectively activated, and the levels of the spike-specific antibodies are further elevated compared to the levels after the second vaccine dose. Even though at three months after the third vaccine dose antibody levels in sera decrease at a similar rate as after the second vaccine dose, the levels of spike-specific CD4
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Registered trials
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