ArticleJournal of epidemiology and community health2023
Has COVID-19 increased inequality in mortality by income in the Netherlands?
Article in Journal of epidemiology and community health, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 6 papers.
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Who cites it
6 citing papers in PubMed.
- Socio-economic inequalities in all-cause mortality during the COVID-19 period in north-western Tanzania, 2018-2021.Population health metrics · 2025Article
- A Nationwide Exploration of Social Inequalities in Cancer Mortality Amidst the COVID-19 Pandemic in Belgium.Cancer medicine · 2025Article
- From test to rest: evaluating socioeconomic differences along the COVID-19 care pathway in the Netherlands.The European journal of health economics : HEPAC : health economics in prevention and care · 2024Observational
- Unravelling demographic and socioeconomic patterns of COVID-19 death and other causes of death: results of an individual-level analysis of exhaustive cause of death data in Belgium, 2020.Archives of public health = Archives belges de sante publique · 2024Article
- Disruption of hospital care during the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic impacted socioeconomic groups differently: population based study using routine registration data.BMC health services research · 2024Article
- Variability in excess deaths across countries with different vulnerability during 2020-2023.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2023Article
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4 authors.
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Abstract
backgroundIn the Netherlands in 2020, COVID-19 deaths were more concentrated among individuals with a lower income. At the same time, COVID-19 was a new cause that also displaced some deaths from other causes, potentially reducing income-related inequality in non-COVID deaths. Our aim is to estimate the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the income-related inequality in total mortality and decompose this into the inequality in COVID-attributed deaths and changes in the inequality in non-COVID causes.
methodsWe estimate excess deaths (observed minus trend-predicted deaths) by sex, age and income group for the Netherlands in 2020. Using a measure of income-related inequality (the concentration index), we decompose the inequality in total excess mortality into COVID-19 versus non-COVID causes.
resultsCause-attributed COVID-19 mortality exceeded total excess mortality by 12% for the 65-79 age group and by about 35% for 80+ in the Netherlands in 2020, implying a decrease in the number of non-COVID deaths compared with what was predicted. The income-related inequality in all-cause mortality was higher than predicted. This increase in inequality resulted from the combination of COVID-19 mortality, which was more unequally distributed than predicted total mortality, and the inequality in non-COVID causes, which was less unequal than predicted.
conclusionThe COVID-19 pandemic has led to an increase in income-related inequality in all-cause mortality. Non-COVID mortality was less unequally distributed than expected due to displacement of other causes by COVID-19 and the potentially unequal broader societal impact of the pandemic.
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