ArticlePsychiatric services (Washington, D.C.)2023
Geographic Trends in Pediatric Psychotropic Medication Dispensing Before and After the Start of the COVID-19 Pandemic.
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Article in Psychiatric services (Washington, D.C.), 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 4 papers.
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4citing papers in PubMed
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Who cites it
4 citing papers in PubMed.
- Psychotropic dispensing in Greek adolescents and young adults: national trends and regional variation.Frontiers in drug safety and regulation · 2026Article
- Age- and Sex-Related Trends in Psychotropic Prescribing Among Youths in Denmark and the United States: 2010-2020.Pharmacoepidemiology and drug safety · 2025Article
- Antidepressant treatment initiation among children and adolescents with acute versus long COVID: a large retrospective cohort study.Child and adolescent psychiatry and mental health · 2024Article
- Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on prescription of psychotropic medications in the Italian paediatric population during 2020.Italian journal of pediatrics · 2024Article
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Authors and funding
13 authors.
Greta BushnellRutgers Center for Pharmacoepidemiology and Treatment Science, Institute for Health, Health Care Policy and Aging Research, New Brunswick, New Jersey (Bushnell, Gerhard, Horton); Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Rutgers School of Public Health, Piscataway, New Jersey (Bushnell, Gerhard, Horton); Safety Surveillance Research, Pfizer, New York City (Sun); Department of Practice, Sciences, and Health Outcomes Research, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore (dosReis, Camelo Castillo, Lee); Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora (Czaja); Department of Medical and Clinical Pharmacology, Center of Pharmacovigilance and Pharmacoepidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, Toulouse University Hospital, Toulouse, France (Durrieu); Center of Clinical Investigations, Inserm CIC1426, Robert Debré Hospital, Paris Cité University-National Institute of Health and Medical Research, Paris (Kaguelidou); School of Nursing-Camden, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, Camden (Pudasainee-Kapri); Department of Population Health Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina (Raman); GlaxoSmithKline, Rockville, Maryland (Spence).
Jenny W SunRutgers Center for Pharmacoepidemiology and Treatment Science, Institute for Health, Health Care Policy and Aging Research, New Brunswick, New Jersey (Bushnell, Gerhard, Horton); Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Rutgers School of Public Health, Piscataway, New Jersey (Bushnell, Gerhard, Horton); Safety Surveillance Research, Pfizer, New York City (Sun); Department of Practice, Sciences, and Health Outcomes Research, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore (dosReis, Camelo Castillo, Lee); Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora (Czaja); Department of Medical and Clinical Pharmacology, Center of Pharmacovigilance and Pharmacoepidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, Toulouse University Hospital, Toulouse, France (Durrieu); Center of Clinical Investigations, Inserm CIC1426, Robert Debré Hospital, Paris Cité University-National Institute of Health and Medical Research, Paris (Kaguelidou); School of Nursing-Camden, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, Camden (Pudasainee-Kapri); Department of Population Health Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina (Raman); GlaxoSmithKline, Rockville, Maryland (Spence).
Susan dosReisRutgers Center for Pharmacoepidemiology and Treatment Science, Institute for Health, Health Care Policy and Aging Research, New Brunswick, New Jersey (Bushnell, Gerhard, Horton); Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Rutgers School of Public Health, Piscataway, New Jersey (Bushnell, Gerhard, Horton); Safety Surveillance Research, Pfizer, New York City (Sun); Department of Practice, Sciences, and Health Outcomes Research, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore (dosReis, Camelo Castillo, Lee); Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora (Czaja); Department of Medical and Clinical Pharmacology, Center of Pharmacovigilance and Pharmacoepidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, Toulouse University Hospital, Toulouse, France (Durrieu); Center of Clinical Investigations, Inserm CIC1426, Robert Debré Hospital, Paris Cité University-National Institute of Health and Medical Research, Paris (Kaguelidou); School of Nursing-Camden, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, Camden (Pudasainee-Kapri); Department of Population Health Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina (Raman); GlaxoSmithKline, Rockville, Maryland (Spence).
Wendy Camelo CastilloRutgers Center for Pharmacoepidemiology and Treatment Science, Institute for Health, Health Care Policy and Aging Research, New Brunswick, New Jersey (Bushnell, Gerhard, Horton); Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Rutgers School of Public Health, Piscataway, New Jersey (Bushnell, Gerhard, Horton); Safety Surveillance Research, Pfizer, New York City (Sun); Department of Practice, Sciences, and Health Outcomes Research, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore (dosReis, Camelo Castillo, Lee); Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora (Czaja); Department of Medical and Clinical Pharmacology, Center of Pharmacovigilance and Pharmacoepidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, Toulouse University Hospital, Toulouse, France (Durrieu); Center of Clinical Investigations, Inserm CIC1426, Robert Debré Hospital, Paris Cité University-National Institute of Health and Medical Research, Paris (Kaguelidou); School of Nursing-Camden, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, Camden (Pudasainee-Kapri); Department of Population Health Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina (Raman); GlaxoSmithKline, Rockville, Maryland (Spence).
Angela S CzajaRutgers Center for Pharmacoepidemiology and Treatment Science, Institute for Health, Health Care Policy and Aging Research, New Brunswick, New Jersey (Bushnell, Gerhard, Horton); Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Rutgers School of Public Health, Piscataway, New Jersey (Bushnell, Gerhard, Horton); Safety Surveillance Research, Pfizer, New York City (Sun); Department of Practice, Sciences, and Health Outcomes Research, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore (dosReis, Camelo Castillo, Lee); Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora (Czaja); Department of Medical and Clinical Pharmacology, Center of Pharmacovigilance and Pharmacoepidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, Toulouse University Hospital, Toulouse, France (Durrieu); Center of Clinical Investigations, Inserm CIC1426, Robert Debré Hospital, Paris Cité University-National Institute of Health and Medical Research, Paris (Kaguelidou); School of Nursing-Camden, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, Camden (Pudasainee-Kapri); Department of Population Health Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina (Raman); GlaxoSmithKline, Rockville, Maryland (Spence).
Geneviève DurrieuRutgers Center for Pharmacoepidemiology and Treatment Science, Institute for Health, Health Care Policy and Aging Research, New Brunswick, New Jersey (Bushnell, Gerhard, Horton); Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Rutgers School of Public Health, Piscataway, New Jersey (Bushnell, Gerhard, Horton); Safety Surveillance Research, Pfizer, New York City (Sun); Department of Practice, Sciences, and Health Outcomes Research, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore (dosReis, Camelo Castillo, Lee); Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora (Czaja); Department of Medical and Clinical Pharmacology, Center of Pharmacovigilance and Pharmacoepidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, Toulouse University Hospital, Toulouse, France (Durrieu); Center of Clinical Investigations, Inserm CIC1426, Robert Debré Hospital, Paris Cité University-National Institute of Health and Medical Research, Paris (Kaguelidou); School of Nursing-Camden, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, Camden (Pudasainee-Kapri); Department of Population Health Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina (Raman); GlaxoSmithKline, Rockville, Maryland (Spence).
Tobias GerhardRutgers Center for Pharmacoepidemiology and Treatment Science, Institute for Health, Health Care Policy and Aging Research, New Brunswick, New Jersey (Bushnell, Gerhard, Horton); Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Rutgers School of Public Health, Piscataway, New Jersey (Bushnell, Gerhard, Horton); Safety Surveillance Research, Pfizer, New York City (Sun); Department of Practice, Sciences, and Health Outcomes Research, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore (dosReis, Camelo Castillo, Lee); Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora (Czaja); Department of Medical and Clinical Pharmacology, Center of Pharmacovigilance and Pharmacoepidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, Toulouse University Hospital, Toulouse, France (Durrieu); Center of Clinical Investigations, Inserm CIC1426, Robert Debré Hospital, Paris Cité University-National Institute of Health and Medical Research, Paris (Kaguelidou); School of Nursing-Camden, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, Camden (Pudasainee-Kapri); Department of Population Health Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina (Raman); GlaxoSmithKline, Rockville, Maryland (Spence).
Haeyoung LeeRutgers Center for Pharmacoepidemiology and Treatment Science, Institute for Health, Health Care Policy and Aging Research, New Brunswick, New Jersey (Bushnell, Gerhard, Horton); Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Rutgers School of Public Health, Piscataway, New Jersey (Bushnell, Gerhard, Horton); Safety Surveillance Research, Pfizer, New York City (Sun); Department of Practice, Sciences, and Health Outcomes Research, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore (dosReis, Camelo Castillo, Lee); Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora (Czaja); Department of Medical and Clinical Pharmacology, Center of Pharmacovigilance and Pharmacoepidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, Toulouse University Hospital, Toulouse, France (Durrieu); Center of Clinical Investigations, Inserm CIC1426, Robert Debré Hospital, Paris Cité University-National Institute of Health and Medical Research, Paris (Kaguelidou); School of Nursing-Camden, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, Camden (Pudasainee-Kapri); Department of Population Health Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina (Raman); GlaxoSmithKline, Rockville, Maryland (Spence).
Florentia KaguelidouRutgers Center for Pharmacoepidemiology and Treatment Science, Institute for Health, Health Care Policy and Aging Research, New Brunswick, New Jersey (Bushnell, Gerhard, Horton); Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Rutgers School of Public Health, Piscataway, New Jersey (Bushnell, Gerhard, Horton); Safety Surveillance Research, Pfizer, New York City (Sun); Department of Practice, Sciences, and Health Outcomes Research, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore (dosReis, Camelo Castillo, Lee); Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora (Czaja); Department of Medical and Clinical Pharmacology, Center of Pharmacovigilance and Pharmacoepidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, Toulouse University Hospital, Toulouse, France (Durrieu); Center of Clinical Investigations, Inserm CIC1426, Robert Debré Hospital, Paris Cité University-National Institute of Health and Medical Research, Paris (Kaguelidou); School of Nursing-Camden, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, Camden (Pudasainee-Kapri); Department of Population Health Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina (Raman); GlaxoSmithKline, Rockville, Maryland (Spence).
Sangita Pudasainee-KapriRutgers Center for Pharmacoepidemiology and Treatment Science, Institute for Health, Health Care Policy and Aging Research, New Brunswick, New Jersey (Bushnell, Gerhard, Horton); Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Rutgers School of Public Health, Piscataway, New Jersey (Bushnell, Gerhard, Horton); Safety Surveillance Research, Pfizer, New York City (Sun); Department of Practice, Sciences, and Health Outcomes Research, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore (dosReis, Camelo Castillo, Lee); Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora (Czaja); Department of Medical and Clinical Pharmacology, Center of Pharmacovigilance and Pharmacoepidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, Toulouse University Hospital, Toulouse, France (Durrieu); Center of Clinical Investigations, Inserm CIC1426, Robert Debré Hospital, Paris Cité University-National Institute of Health and Medical Research, Paris (Kaguelidou); School of Nursing-Camden, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, Camden (Pudasainee-Kapri); Department of Population Health Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina (Raman); GlaxoSmithKline, Rockville, Maryland (Spence).
Sudha R RamanRutgers Center for Pharmacoepidemiology and Treatment Science, Institute for Health, Health Care Policy and Aging Research, New Brunswick, New Jersey (Bushnell, Gerhard, Horton); Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Rutgers School of Public Health, Piscataway, New Jersey (Bushnell, Gerhard, Horton); Safety Surveillance Research, Pfizer, New York City (Sun); Department of Practice, Sciences, and Health Outcomes Research, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore (dosReis, Camelo Castillo, Lee); Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora (Czaja); Department of Medical and Clinical Pharmacology, Center of Pharmacovigilance and Pharmacoepidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, Toulouse University Hospital, Toulouse, France (Durrieu); Center of Clinical Investigations, Inserm CIC1426, Robert Debré Hospital, Paris Cité University-National Institute of Health and Medical Research, Paris (Kaguelidou); School of Nursing-Camden, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, Camden (Pudasainee-Kapri); Department of Population Health Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina (Raman); GlaxoSmithKline, Rockville, Maryland (Spence).
O'Mareen SpenceRutgers Center for Pharmacoepidemiology and Treatment Science, Institute for Health, Health Care Policy and Aging Research, New Brunswick, New Jersey (Bushnell, Gerhard, Horton); Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Rutgers School of Public Health, Piscataway, New Jersey (Bushnell, Gerhard, Horton); Safety Surveillance Research, Pfizer, New York City (Sun); Department of Practice, Sciences, and Health Outcomes Research, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore (dosReis, Camelo Castillo, Lee); Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora (Czaja); Department of Medical and Clinical Pharmacology, Center of Pharmacovigilance and Pharmacoepidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, Toulouse University Hospital, Toulouse, France (Durrieu); Center of Clinical Investigations, Inserm CIC1426, Robert Debré Hospital, Paris Cité University-National Institute of Health and Medical Research, Paris (Kaguelidou); School of Nursing-Camden, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, Camden (Pudasainee-Kapri); Department of Population Health Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina (Raman); GlaxoSmithKline, Rockville, Maryland (Spence).
Daniel B HortonRutgers Center for Pharmacoepidemiology and Treatment Science, Institute for Health, Health Care Policy and Aging Research, New Brunswick, New Jersey (Bushnell, Gerhard, Horton); Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Rutgers School of Public Health, Piscataway, New Jersey (Bushnell, Gerhard, Horton); Safety Surveillance Research, Pfizer, New York City (Sun); Department of Practice, Sciences, and Health Outcomes Research, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore (dosReis, Camelo Castillo, Lee); Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora (Czaja); Department of Medical and Clinical Pharmacology, Center of Pharmacovigilance and Pharmacoepidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, Toulouse University Hospital, Toulouse, France (Durrieu); Center of Clinical Investigations, Inserm CIC1426, Robert Debré Hospital, Paris Cité University-National Institute of Health and Medical Research, Paris (Kaguelidou); School of Nursing-Camden, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, Camden (Pudasainee-Kapri); Department of Population Health Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina (Raman); GlaxoSmithKline, Rockville, Maryland (Spence).
Funding
New Jersey Alliance for Clinical Translational Science: NJ ACTSUL1TR003017 · NCATS · RUTGERS BIOMEDICAL/HEALTH SCIENCES-RBHS · PI PANETTIERI, REYNOLD ALEXANDER · 2019 to 2023
$28.9MSafety of Drugs Commonly Used Off-Label in Children Despite Insufficient Evidence of Efficacy and SafetyR01HD109335 · NICHD · RUTGERS BIOMEDICAL AND HEALTH SCIENCES · PI Daniel Benjamin Horton · 2022 to 2026
$3.3MCOVID-19 Network of Networks Expanding Clinical and Translational approaches to Predict Severe Illness in Children (CONNECT to Predict SIck Children)R33HD105619 · NICHD · RUTGERS BIOMEDICAL AND HEALTH SCIENCES · PI GENNARO, MARIA LAURA, HORTON, DANIEL BENJAMIN · 2023 to 2023
$3.0MCohort and biomarkers for COVID-19 severity, natural history, and reinfectionR01AI158911 · NIAID · RUTGERS BIOMEDICAL AND HEALTH SCIENCES · PI BARRETT, EMILY S, BLASER, MARTIN J · 2021 to 2023
$2.6MCOVID-19 Network of Networks Expanding Clinical and Translational approaches to Predict Severe Illness in Children (CONNECT to Predict SIck Children)R61HD105619 · NICHD · RBHS-ROBERT WOOD JOHNSON MEDICAL SCHOOL · PI GENNARO, MARIA LAURA, HORTON, DANIEL BENJAMIN · 2021 to 2022
$1.6MBenzodiazepine-related harms in young people: Informing policy, interventions, and prescribingK01DA050769 · NIDA · RUTGERS BIOMEDICAL/HEALTH SCIENCES-RBHS · PI BUSHNELL, GRETA · 2021 to 2025
$1.0MNCATS NIH HHS UL1 TR003017NIAID NIH HHS R01 AI158911NICHD NIH HHS R01 HD109335NICHD NIH HHS R33 HD105619NICHD NIH HHS R61 HD105619NIDA NIH HHS K01 DA050769
Abstract
objectiveThis study examined trends and geographic variability in dispensing of prescription psychotropic medications to U.S. youths before and after the start of the COVID-19 pandemic.
methodsUsing national data on prescription medication dispensing, the authors performed a cross-sectional study examining the monthly percent change in psychotropic medications dispensed (total N=95,639,975) to youths (ages 5-18 years) in 2020 versus 2019, across medication classes and geographic regions.
resultsFor many medications, more were dispensed in March 2020 than in March 2019 and fewer in April-May 2020 versus April-May 2019. Stimulants had the largest decline: -26.4% in May 2020 versus May 2019. The magnitude of the monthly percent change varied by region.
conclusionsFewer psychotropic medications were dispensed to U.S. youths after the start of the COVID-19 pandemic compared with 2019. Although some medication classes rebounded to prepandemic dispensing levels by September 2020, dispensing varied by class and region.
Indexed as
Central Nervous System StimulantsCOVID-19Prescription DrugsAdolescentChildCross-Sectional StudiesHumansPandemicsPsychotropic DrugsCentral Nervous System StimulantsPrescription DrugsPsychotropic DrugsAdolescenceCOVID-19General child psychiatryPsychopharmacologyPsychotropic drugsTrends
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