ArticleProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America2023
Social Frailty Index: Development and validation of an index of social attributes predictive of mortality in older adults.
Article in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 30 papers.
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Who cites it
30 citing papers in PubMed, 33 citations in OpenAlex.
- Article
- Social and Functional Risk Patterns and All-Cause Mortality Among US Adults with Chronic Liver Disease.Medical sciences (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Frailty and health resource utilization in 5450 adults with acute myeloid leukaemia: A population-based study from Ontario, Canada.British journal of haematology · 2026Article
- The contribution of social and economic factors to accelerated biological aging differences between non-Hispanic Black and White adults in the Health and Retirement Study.The journals of gerontology. Series A, Biological sciences and medical sciences · 2026Article
- Mapping Social and Physical Frailty in the Peruvian Amazon: Associated Factors Among Older Adults.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Social frailty as a predictor of mortality among older adults in four Colombian departments: evidence from the SABE survey.BMC geriatrics · 2026Article
- Robustness in Older Adults: A Concept Analysis Using Rodgers' Evolutionary Approach.Nursing & health sciences · 2026Review
- Social frailty and mortality risk in middle-aged and older adults: a prospective cohort study.GeroScience · 2026Article
- Frailty index predicts the risk of 17 health outcomes in distinct ways: prospective findings from the Moli-sani Study.Age and ageing · 2026Article
- Revisiting the social frailty index in aging adults: relevance and implications for an emerging construct.GeroScience · 2026Article
- Social and clinical frailty indices in aging mice: a comparative analysis of longitudinal and cross-sectional designs.The journals of gerontology. Series A, Biological sciences and medical sciences · 2026Article
- Social frailty and the risk of progression from health to physical, psychological, and cognitive multimorbidity: a prospective multi-cohort study.BMC medicine · 2026Article
- Social risks of geriatric patients presenting to the emergency department.BMC geriatrics · 2026Article
- A Preliminary Predictive Panel for Pre-Frailty Based on Serum Proteomic Biomarkers: A Two-Phase Cross-Sectional Study.Clinical interventions in aging · 2026Article
- Association between frailty and breast cancer incidence and construction of a breast cancer prediction model based on machine learning.Frontiers in public health · 2026Article
- Social frailty independently predicts 9-year mortality among community-dwelling older adults in Mexico: validation of a brief social frailty index.Frontiers in public health · 2026Article
- Observational
- Impact of social vulnerability on frailty transition among older adults in China: a national two-year cohort study.Journal of global health · 2025Article
- How well do social frailty indices predict incident dementia in older adults?The journals of gerontology. Series B, Psychological sciences and social sciences · 2025Article
- A biopsychosocial approach to improving multidimensional frailty status in community-dwelling older adults: a protocol for a cluster randomized controlled trial.BMC geriatrics · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
While social characteristics are well-known predictors of mortality, prediction models rely almost exclusively on demographics, medical comorbidities, and function. Lacking an efficient way to summarize the prognostic impact of social factor, many studies exclude social factors altogether. Our objective was to develop and validate a summary measure of social risk and determine its ability to risk-stratify beyond traditional risk models. We examined participants in the Health and Retirement Study, a longitudinal, survey of US older adults. We developed the model from a comprehensive inventory of 183 social characteristics using least absolute shrinkage and selection operator, a penalized regression approach. Then, we assessed the predictive capacity of the model and its ability to improve on traditional prediction models. We studied 8,250 adults aged ≥65 y. Within 4 y of the baseline interview, 22% had died. Drawn from 183 possible predictors, the Social Frailty Index included age, gender, and eight social predictors: neighborhood cleanliness, perceived control over financial situation, meeting with children less than yearly, not working for pay, active with children, volunteering, feeling isolated, and being treated with less courtesy or respect. In the validation cohort, predicted and observed mortality were strongly correlated. Additionally, the Social Frailty Index meaningfully risk-stratified participants beyond the Charlson score (medical comorbidity index) and the Lee Index (comorbidity and function model). The Social Frailty Index includes age, gender, and eight social characteristics and accurately risk-stratifies older adults. The model improves upon commonly used risk prediction tools and has application in clinical, population health, and research settings.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.