ArticleRadiology2023
Multicenter Evaluation of AI-generated DIR and PSIR for Cortical and Juxtacortical Multiple Sclerosis Lesion Detection.
Abstract readMulticenter Study
In one paragraph
Article in Radiology, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 21 papers.
0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
21citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
21 citing papers in PubMed.
- Artificial intelligence in central nervous system autoimmune diseases: from clinical decision support to mechanistic discovery and translation.EMBO molecular medicine · 2026Review
- Cortical lesions in multiple sclerosis: 25 years of progress, remaining challenges and future directions.Nature reviews. Neurology · 2026Review
- Machine learning in neuroradiology: Recent developments and applications.World journal of radiology · 2026Review
- Artificial intelligence for pediatric neuroimaging.Pediatric radiology · 2026Review
- Quantifying cortical lesions in multiple sclerosis MRI datasets using multi-contrast post-processing and deep learning.Communications medicine · 2026Article
- Whole-brain in situ postmortem MR imaging using a combination of sequences for cortical lesion detection in multiple sclerosis.La Radiologia medica · 2026Article
- Dura mater enhancement on 3T MRI is associated with cortical lesion burden in multiple sclerosis.Journal of neurology · 2026Article
- Habitat-based MRI radiomics for enhanced parkinson's diagnosis.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Enhancing the Visibility of Multiple Sclerosis Lesions using Fused Images of Fluid Attenuated Inversion Recovery (FLAIR) and white matter Attenuated Inversion Recovery (WAIR) MRI Sequences.Current medical imaging · 2026Article
- Evaluation of cortical pathology in primary-progressive multiple sclerosis: a post hoc analysis of the SPRINT-MS trial.BMJ neurology open · 2026Article
- Superiority of 3D-DIR over 3D-FLAIR in the Detection of Cortical Lesions and Correlation with Disability in Multiple Sclerosis: A Multicenter Study.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Longitudinal changes in cortical cell body and neurite density in people with multiple sclerosis.Neuroscience · 2025Article
- Evolution of Cortical Lesions and Function-Specific Cognitive Decline in People With Multiple Sclerosis.Neurology · 2025Article
- Layer by Layer: Assessing AI Diagnostic Accuracy With Incremental Case Information in Neuroradiology.Cureus · 2025Article
- Neuroimaging phenotype characterization of early aggressive and late severe multiple sclerosis: a case-control study.Brain communications · 2025Article
- In vivo evidence for cell body loss in cortical lesions in people with multiple sclerosis.Annals of clinical and translational neurology · 2025Article
- Cortical lesions impact cognitive decline in multiple sclerosis via volume loss of nonlesional cortex.Annals of clinical and translational neurology · 2025Article
- Decoding Gray Matter Involvement in Multiple Sclerosis via Imaging.Neuroimaging clinics of North America · 2024Review
- Machine Learning and Graph Signal Processing Applied to Healthcare: A Review.Bioengineering (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Review
- Advanced MRI Techniques: Diagnosis and Follow-Up of Multiple Sclerosis.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Review
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Authors and funding
26 authors.
Piet M BoumanFrom the MS Center Amsterdam, Anatomy & Neurosciences, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1117, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (P.M.B., S.N., F.A.N.S., M.M.S., J.J.G.G., M.D.S.); Translational Neuroradiology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md (E.S.B., D.S.R.); Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY (E.S.B.); Bio-imaging Institute, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France (G.B.); Neurology Section, Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy (M. Castellaro, M. Calabrese); Department of Information Engineering, University of Padova, Padova, Italy (M. Castellaro); NMR Research Unit, Queen Square MS Centre, Department of Neuroinflammation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, Faculty of Brain Sciences, University College London, London, UK (D.T.C.); National Institute for Health Research University College London Hospitals Biomedical Research Centre, London, UK (D.T.C.); Departments of Neuroradiology (P.E., B.W.) and Neurology (M.M.), School of Medicine, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany; Neuroimaging Research Unit, Division of Neuroscience Neurology Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy (M.F., P.P., M.A.R.); Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genova, Genoa, Italy (M.I., C.L.); IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Largo Rosanna Benzi, Genoa, Italy (M.I., C.L.); Center for Neurologic Imaging, Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass (A.M., A.M.P., C.R.G.G.); Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, MS Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neurosciences, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (B.M.); Department of Epidemiology and Data Science, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (J.W.R.T.); Anatomy & Neurosciences, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (L.E.J.); and Amsterdam Neuroscience, Brain Imaging and Neurodegeneration, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (L.E.J.).ORCID 0000-0003-2698-4004
Samantha NoteboomFrom the MS Center Amsterdam, Anatomy & Neurosciences, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1117, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (P.M.B., S.N., F.A.N.S., M.M.S., J.J.G.G., M.D.S.); Translational Neuroradiology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md (E.S.B., D.S.R.); Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY (E.S.B.); Bio-imaging Institute, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France (G.B.); Neurology Section, Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy (M. Castellaro, M. Calabrese); Department of Information Engineering, University of Padova, Padova, Italy (M. Castellaro); NMR Research Unit, Queen Square MS Centre, Department of Neuroinflammation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, Faculty of Brain Sciences, University College London, London, UK (D.T.C.); National Institute for Health Research University College London Hospitals Biomedical Research Centre, London, UK (D.T.C.); Departments of Neuroradiology (P.E., B.W.) and Neurology (M.M.), School of Medicine, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany; Neuroimaging Research Unit, Division of Neuroscience Neurology Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy (M.F., P.P., M.A.R.); Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genova, Genoa, Italy (M.I., C.L.); IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Largo Rosanna Benzi, Genoa, Italy (M.I., C.L.); Center for Neurologic Imaging, Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass (A.M., A.M.P., C.R.G.G.); Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, MS Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neurosciences, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (B.M.); Department of Epidemiology and Data Science, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (J.W.R.T.); Anatomy & Neurosciences, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (L.E.J.); and Amsterdam Neuroscience, Brain Imaging and Neurodegeneration, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (L.E.J.).ORCID 0000-0003-4796-8636
Fernando A Nobrega SantosFrom the MS Center Amsterdam, Anatomy & Neurosciences, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1117, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (P.M.B., S.N., F.A.N.S., M.M.S., J.J.G.G., M.D.S.); Translational Neuroradiology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md (E.S.B., D.S.R.); Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY (E.S.B.); Bio-imaging Institute, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France (G.B.); Neurology Section, Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy (M. Castellaro, M. Calabrese); Department of Information Engineering, University of Padova, Padova, Italy (M. Castellaro); NMR Research Unit, Queen Square MS Centre, Department of Neuroinflammation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, Faculty of Brain Sciences, University College London, London, UK (D.T.C.); National Institute for Health Research University College London Hospitals Biomedical Research Centre, London, UK (D.T.C.); Departments of Neuroradiology (P.E., B.W.) and Neurology (M.M.), School of Medicine, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany; Neuroimaging Research Unit, Division of Neuroscience Neurology Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy (M.F., P.P., M.A.R.); Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genova, Genoa, Italy (M.I., C.L.); IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Largo Rosanna Benzi, Genoa, Italy (M.I., C.L.); Center for Neurologic Imaging, Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass (A.M., A.M.P., C.R.G.G.); Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, MS Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neurosciences, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (B.M.); Department of Epidemiology and Data Science, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (J.W.R.T.); Anatomy & Neurosciences, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (L.E.J.); and Amsterdam Neuroscience, Brain Imaging and Neurodegeneration, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (L.E.J.).
Erin S BeckFrom the MS Center Amsterdam, Anatomy & Neurosciences, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1117, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (P.M.B., S.N., F.A.N.S., M.M.S., J.J.G.G., M.D.S.); Translational Neuroradiology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md (E.S.B., D.S.R.); Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY (E.S.B.); Bio-imaging Institute, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France (G.B.); Neurology Section, Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy (M. Castellaro, M. Calabrese); Department of Information Engineering, University of Padova, Padova, Italy (M. Castellaro); NMR Research Unit, Queen Square MS Centre, Department of Neuroinflammation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, Faculty of Brain Sciences, University College London, London, UK (D.T.C.); National Institute for Health Research University College London Hospitals Biomedical Research Centre, London, UK (D.T.C.); Departments of Neuroradiology (P.E., B.W.) and Neurology (M.M.), School of Medicine, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany; Neuroimaging Research Unit, Division of Neuroscience Neurology Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy (M.F., P.P., M.A.R.); Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genova, Genoa, Italy (M.I., C.L.); IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Largo Rosanna Benzi, Genoa, Italy (M.I., C.L.); Center for Neurologic Imaging, Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass (A.M., A.M.P., C.R.G.G.); Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, MS Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neurosciences, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (B.M.); Department of Epidemiology and Data Science, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (J.W.R.T.); Anatomy & Neurosciences, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (L.E.J.); and Amsterdam Neuroscience, Brain Imaging and Neurodegeneration, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (L.E.J.).ORCID 0000-0001-7839-7958
Gregory BliaultFrom the MS Center Amsterdam, Anatomy & Neurosciences, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1117, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (P.M.B., S.N., F.A.N.S., M.M.S., J.J.G.G., M.D.S.); Translational Neuroradiology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md (E.S.B., D.S.R.); Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY (E.S.B.); Bio-imaging Institute, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France (G.B.); Neurology Section, Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy (M. Castellaro, M. Calabrese); Department of Information Engineering, University of Padova, Padova, Italy (M. Castellaro); NMR Research Unit, Queen Square MS Centre, Department of Neuroinflammation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, Faculty of Brain Sciences, University College London, London, UK (D.T.C.); National Institute for Health Research University College London Hospitals Biomedical Research Centre, London, UK (D.T.C.); Departments of Neuroradiology (P.E., B.W.) and Neurology (M.M.), School of Medicine, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany; Neuroimaging Research Unit, Division of Neuroscience Neurology Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy (M.F., P.P., M.A.R.); Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genova, Genoa, Italy (M.I., C.L.); IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Largo Rosanna Benzi, Genoa, Italy (M.I., C.L.); Center for Neurologic Imaging, Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass (A.M., A.M.P., C.R.G.G.); Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, MS Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neurosciences, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (B.M.); Department of Epidemiology and Data Science, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (J.W.R.T.); Anatomy & Neurosciences, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (L.E.J.); and Amsterdam Neuroscience, Brain Imaging and Neurodegeneration, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (L.E.J.).ORCID 0000-0002-1193-2941
Marco CastellaroFrom the MS Center Amsterdam, Anatomy & Neurosciences, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1117, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (P.M.B., S.N., F.A.N.S., M.M.S., J.J.G.G., M.D.S.); Translational Neuroradiology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md (E.S.B., D.S.R.); Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY (E.S.B.); Bio-imaging Institute, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France (G.B.); Neurology Section, Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy (M. Castellaro, M. Calabrese); Department of Information Engineering, University of Padova, Padova, Italy (M. Castellaro); NMR Research Unit, Queen Square MS Centre, Department of Neuroinflammation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, Faculty of Brain Sciences, University College London, London, UK (D.T.C.); National Institute for Health Research University College London Hospitals Biomedical Research Centre, London, UK (D.T.C.); Departments of Neuroradiology (P.E., B.W.) and Neurology (M.M.), School of Medicine, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany; Neuroimaging Research Unit, Division of Neuroscience Neurology Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy (M.F., P.P., M.A.R.); Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genova, Genoa, Italy (M.I., C.L.); IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Largo Rosanna Benzi, Genoa, Italy (M.I., C.L.); Center for Neurologic Imaging, Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass (A.M., A.M.P., C.R.G.G.); Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, MS Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neurosciences, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (B.M.); Department of Epidemiology and Data Science, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (J.W.R.T.); Anatomy & Neurosciences, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (L.E.J.); and Amsterdam Neuroscience, Brain Imaging and Neurodegeneration, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (L.E.J.).ORCID 0000-0002-1203-2670
Massimiliano CalabreseFrom the MS Center Amsterdam, Anatomy & Neurosciences, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1117, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (P.M.B., S.N., F.A.N.S., M.M.S., J.J.G.G., M.D.S.); Translational Neuroradiology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md (E.S.B., D.S.R.); Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY (E.S.B.); Bio-imaging Institute, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France (G.B.); Neurology Section, Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy (M. Castellaro, M. Calabrese); Department of Information Engineering, University of Padova, Padova, Italy (M. Castellaro); NMR Research Unit, Queen Square MS Centre, Department of Neuroinflammation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, Faculty of Brain Sciences, University College London, London, UK (D.T.C.); National Institute for Health Research University College London Hospitals Biomedical Research Centre, London, UK (D.T.C.); Departments of Neuroradiology (P.E., B.W.) and Neurology (M.M.), School of Medicine, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany; Neuroimaging Research Unit, Division of Neuroscience Neurology Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy (M.F., P.P., M.A.R.); Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genova, Genoa, Italy (M.I., C.L.); IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Largo Rosanna Benzi, Genoa, Italy (M.I., C.L.); Center for Neurologic Imaging, Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass (A.M., A.M.P., C.R.G.G.); Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, MS Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neurosciences, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (B.M.); Department of Epidemiology and Data Science, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (J.W.R.T.); Anatomy & Neurosciences, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (L.E.J.); and Amsterdam Neuroscience, Brain Imaging and Neurodegeneration, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (L.E.J.).
Declan T ChardFrom the MS Center Amsterdam, Anatomy & Neurosciences, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1117, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (P.M.B., S.N., F.A.N.S., M.M.S., J.J.G.G., M.D.S.); Translational Neuroradiology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md (E.S.B., D.S.R.); Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY (E.S.B.); Bio-imaging Institute, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France (G.B.); Neurology Section, Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy (M. Castellaro, M. Calabrese); Department of Information Engineering, University of Padova, Padova, Italy (M. Castellaro); NMR Research Unit, Queen Square MS Centre, Department of Neuroinflammation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, Faculty of Brain Sciences, University College London, London, UK (D.T.C.); National Institute for Health Research University College London Hospitals Biomedical Research Centre, London, UK (D.T.C.); Departments of Neuroradiology (P.E., B.W.) and Neurology (M.M.), School of Medicine, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany; Neuroimaging Research Unit, Division of Neuroscience Neurology Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy (M.F., P.P., M.A.R.); Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genova, Genoa, Italy (M.I., C.L.); IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Largo Rosanna Benzi, Genoa, Italy (M.I., C.L.); Center for Neurologic Imaging, Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass (A.M., A.M.P., C.R.G.G.); Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, MS Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neurosciences, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (B.M.); Department of Epidemiology and Data Science, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (J.W.R.T.); Anatomy & Neurosciences, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (L.E.J.); and Amsterdam Neuroscience, Brain Imaging and Neurodegeneration, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (L.E.J.).ORCID 0000-0003-3076-2682
Paul EichingerFrom the MS Center Amsterdam, Anatomy & Neurosciences, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1117, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (P.M.B., S.N., F.A.N.S., M.M.S., J.J.G.G., M.D.S.); Translational Neuroradiology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md (E.S.B., D.S.R.); Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY (E.S.B.); Bio-imaging Institute, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France (G.B.); Neurology Section, Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy (M. Castellaro, M. Calabrese); Department of Information Engineering, University of Padova, Padova, Italy (M. Castellaro); NMR Research Unit, Queen Square MS Centre, Department of Neuroinflammation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, Faculty of Brain Sciences, University College London, London, UK (D.T.C.); National Institute for Health Research University College London Hospitals Biomedical Research Centre, London, UK (D.T.C.); Departments of Neuroradiology (P.E., B.W.) and Neurology (M.M.), School of Medicine, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany; Neuroimaging Research Unit, Division of Neuroscience Neurology Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy (M.F., P.P., M.A.R.); Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genova, Genoa, Italy (M.I., C.L.); IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Largo Rosanna Benzi, Genoa, Italy (M.I., C.L.); Center for Neurologic Imaging, Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass (A.M., A.M.P., C.R.G.G.); Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, MS Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neurosciences, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (B.M.); Department of Epidemiology and Data Science, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (J.W.R.T.); Anatomy & Neurosciences, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (L.E.J.); and Amsterdam Neuroscience, Brain Imaging and Neurodegeneration, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (L.E.J.).
Massimo FilippiFrom the MS Center Amsterdam, Anatomy & Neurosciences, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1117, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (P.M.B., S.N., F.A.N.S., M.M.S., J.J.G.G., M.D.S.); Translational Neuroradiology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md (E.S.B., D.S.R.); Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY (E.S.B.); Bio-imaging Institute, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France (G.B.); Neurology Section, Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy (M. Castellaro, M. Calabrese); Department of Information Engineering, University of Padova, Padova, Italy (M. Castellaro); NMR Research Unit, Queen Square MS Centre, Department of Neuroinflammation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, Faculty of Brain Sciences, University College London, London, UK (D.T.C.); National Institute for Health Research University College London Hospitals Biomedical Research Centre, London, UK (D.T.C.); Departments of Neuroradiology (P.E., B.W.) and Neurology (M.M.), School of Medicine, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany; Neuroimaging Research Unit, Division of Neuroscience Neurology Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy (M.F., P.P., M.A.R.); Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genova, Genoa, Italy (M.I., C.L.); IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Largo Rosanna Benzi, Genoa, Italy (M.I., C.L.); Center for Neurologic Imaging, Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass (A.M., A.M.P., C.R.G.G.); Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, MS Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neurosciences, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (B.M.); Department of Epidemiology and Data Science, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (J.W.R.T.); Anatomy & Neurosciences, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (L.E.J.); and Amsterdam Neuroscience, Brain Imaging and Neurodegeneration, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (L.E.J.).ORCID 0000-0002-5485-0479
Matilde IngleseFrom the MS Center Amsterdam, Anatomy & Neurosciences, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1117, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (P.M.B., S.N., F.A.N.S., M.M.S., J.J.G.G., M.D.S.); Translational Neuroradiology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md (E.S.B., D.S.R.); Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY (E.S.B.); Bio-imaging Institute, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France (G.B.); Neurology Section, Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy (M. Castellaro, M. Calabrese); Department of Information Engineering, University of Padova, Padova, Italy (M. Castellaro); NMR Research Unit, Queen Square MS Centre, Department of Neuroinflammation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, Faculty of Brain Sciences, University College London, London, UK (D.T.C.); National Institute for Health Research University College London Hospitals Biomedical Research Centre, London, UK (D.T.C.); Departments of Neuroradiology (P.E., B.W.) and Neurology (M.M.), School of Medicine, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany; Neuroimaging Research Unit, Division of Neuroscience Neurology Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy (M.F., P.P., M.A.R.); Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genova, Genoa, Italy (M.I., C.L.); IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Largo Rosanna Benzi, Genoa, Italy (M.I., C.L.); Center for Neurologic Imaging, Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass (A.M., A.M.P., C.R.G.G.); Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, MS Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neurosciences, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (B.M.); Department of Epidemiology and Data Science, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (J.W.R.T.); Anatomy & Neurosciences, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (L.E.J.); and Amsterdam Neuroscience, Brain Imaging and Neurodegeneration, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (L.E.J.).
Caterina LapucciFrom the MS Center Amsterdam, Anatomy & Neurosciences, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1117, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (P.M.B., S.N., F.A.N.S., M.M.S., J.J.G.G., M.D.S.); Translational Neuroradiology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md (E.S.B., D.S.R.); Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY (E.S.B.); Bio-imaging Institute, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France (G.B.); Neurology Section, Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy (M. Castellaro, M. Calabrese); Department of Information Engineering, University of Padova, Padova, Italy (M. Castellaro); NMR Research Unit, Queen Square MS Centre, Department of Neuroinflammation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, Faculty of Brain Sciences, University College London, London, UK (D.T.C.); National Institute for Health Research University College London Hospitals Biomedical Research Centre, London, UK (D.T.C.); Departments of Neuroradiology (P.E., B.W.) and Neurology (M.M.), School of Medicine, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany; Neuroimaging Research Unit, Division of Neuroscience Neurology Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy (M.F., P.P., M.A.R.); Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genova, Genoa, Italy (M.I., C.L.); IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Largo Rosanna Benzi, Genoa, Italy (M.I., C.L.); Center for Neurologic Imaging, Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass (A.M., A.M.P., C.R.G.G.); Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, MS Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neurosciences, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (B.M.); Department of Epidemiology and Data Science, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (J.W.R.T.); Anatomy & Neurosciences, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (L.E.J.); and Amsterdam Neuroscience, Brain Imaging and Neurodegeneration, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (L.E.J.).ORCID 0000-0002-3527-6520
Andrzej MarciniakFrom the MS Center Amsterdam, Anatomy & Neurosciences, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1117, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (P.M.B., S.N., F.A.N.S., M.M.S., J.J.G.G., M.D.S.); Translational Neuroradiology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md (E.S.B., D.S.R.); Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY (E.S.B.); Bio-imaging Institute, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France (G.B.); Neurology Section, Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy (M. Castellaro, M. Calabrese); Department of Information Engineering, University of Padova, Padova, Italy (M. Castellaro); NMR Research Unit, Queen Square MS Centre, Department of Neuroinflammation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, Faculty of Brain Sciences, University College London, London, UK (D.T.C.); National Institute for Health Research University College London Hospitals Biomedical Research Centre, London, UK (D.T.C.); Departments of Neuroradiology (P.E., B.W.) and Neurology (M.M.), School of Medicine, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany; Neuroimaging Research Unit, Division of Neuroscience Neurology Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy (M.F., P.P., M.A.R.); Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genova, Genoa, Italy (M.I., C.L.); IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Largo Rosanna Benzi, Genoa, Italy (M.I., C.L.); Center for Neurologic Imaging, Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass (A.M., A.M.P., C.R.G.G.); Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, MS Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neurosciences, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (B.M.); Department of Epidemiology and Data Science, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (J.W.R.T.); Anatomy & Neurosciences, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (L.E.J.); and Amsterdam Neuroscience, Brain Imaging and Neurodegeneration, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (L.E.J.).ORCID 0000-0002-3652-9163
Bastiaan MoraalFrom the MS Center Amsterdam, Anatomy & Neurosciences, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1117, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (P.M.B., S.N., F.A.N.S., M.M.S., J.J.G.G., M.D.S.); Translational Neuroradiology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md (E.S.B., D.S.R.); Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY (E.S.B.); Bio-imaging Institute, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France (G.B.); Neurology Section, Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy (M. Castellaro, M. Calabrese); Department of Information Engineering, University of Padova, Padova, Italy (M. Castellaro); NMR Research Unit, Queen Square MS Centre, Department of Neuroinflammation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, Faculty of Brain Sciences, University College London, London, UK (D.T.C.); National Institute for Health Research University College London Hospitals Biomedical Research Centre, London, UK (D.T.C.); Departments of Neuroradiology (P.E., B.W.) and Neurology (M.M.), School of Medicine, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany; Neuroimaging Research Unit, Division of Neuroscience Neurology Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy (M.F., P.P., M.A.R.); Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genova, Genoa, Italy (M.I., C.L.); IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Largo Rosanna Benzi, Genoa, Italy (M.I., C.L.); Center for Neurologic Imaging, Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass (A.M., A.M.P., C.R.G.G.); Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, MS Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neurosciences, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (B.M.); Department of Epidemiology and Data Science, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (J.W.R.T.); Anatomy & Neurosciences, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (L.E.J.); and Amsterdam Neuroscience, Brain Imaging and Neurodegeneration, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (L.E.J.).ORCID 0000-0003-4559-1118
Alfredo Morales PinzonFrom the MS Center Amsterdam, Anatomy & Neurosciences, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1117, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (P.M.B., S.N., F.A.N.S., M.M.S., J.J.G.G., M.D.S.); Translational Neuroradiology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md (E.S.B., D.S.R.); Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY (E.S.B.); Bio-imaging Institute, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France (G.B.); Neurology Section, Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy (M. Castellaro, M. Calabrese); Department of Information Engineering, University of Padova, Padova, Italy (M. Castellaro); NMR Research Unit, Queen Square MS Centre, Department of Neuroinflammation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, Faculty of Brain Sciences, University College London, London, UK (D.T.C.); National Institute for Health Research University College London Hospitals Biomedical Research Centre, London, UK (D.T.C.); Departments of Neuroradiology (P.E., B.W.) and Neurology (M.M.), School of Medicine, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany; Neuroimaging Research Unit, Division of Neuroscience Neurology Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy (M.F., P.P., M.A.R.); Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genova, Genoa, Italy (M.I., C.L.); IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Largo Rosanna Benzi, Genoa, Italy (M.I., C.L.); Center for Neurologic Imaging, Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass (A.M., A.M.P., C.R.G.G.); Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, MS Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neurosciences, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (B.M.); Department of Epidemiology and Data Science, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (J.W.R.T.); Anatomy & Neurosciences, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (L.E.J.); and Amsterdam Neuroscience, Brain Imaging and Neurodegeneration, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (L.E.J.).ORCID 0000-0001-7598-5260
Mark MühlauFrom the MS Center Amsterdam, Anatomy & Neurosciences, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1117, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (P.M.B., S.N., F.A.N.S., M.M.S., J.J.G.G., M.D.S.); Translational Neuroradiology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md (E.S.B., D.S.R.); Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY (E.S.B.); Bio-imaging Institute, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France (G.B.); Neurology Section, Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy (M. Castellaro, M. Calabrese); Department of Information Engineering, University of Padova, Padova, Italy (M. Castellaro); NMR Research Unit, Queen Square MS Centre, Department of Neuroinflammation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, Faculty of Brain Sciences, University College London, London, UK (D.T.C.); National Institute for Health Research University College London Hospitals Biomedical Research Centre, London, UK (D.T.C.); Departments of Neuroradiology (P.E., B.W.) and Neurology (M.M.), School of Medicine, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany; Neuroimaging Research Unit, Division of Neuroscience Neurology Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy (M.F., P.P., M.A.R.); Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genova, Genoa, Italy (M.I., C.L.); IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Largo Rosanna Benzi, Genoa, Italy (M.I., C.L.); Center for Neurologic Imaging, Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass (A.M., A.M.P., C.R.G.G.); Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, MS Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neurosciences, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (B.M.); Department of Epidemiology and Data Science, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (J.W.R.T.); Anatomy & Neurosciences, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (L.E.J.); and Amsterdam Neuroscience, Brain Imaging and Neurodegeneration, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (L.E.J.).ORCID 0000-0002-9545-2709
Paolo PreziosaFrom the MS Center Amsterdam, Anatomy & Neurosciences, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1117, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (P.M.B., S.N., F.A.N.S., M.M.S., J.J.G.G., M.D.S.); Translational Neuroradiology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md (E.S.B., D.S.R.); Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY (E.S.B.); Bio-imaging Institute, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France (G.B.); Neurology Section, Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy (M. Castellaro, M. Calabrese); Department of Information Engineering, University of Padova, Padova, Italy (M. Castellaro); NMR Research Unit, Queen Square MS Centre, Department of Neuroinflammation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, Faculty of Brain Sciences, University College London, London, UK (D.T.C.); National Institute for Health Research University College London Hospitals Biomedical Research Centre, London, UK (D.T.C.); Departments of Neuroradiology (P.E., B.W.) and Neurology (M.M.), School of Medicine, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany; Neuroimaging Research Unit, Division of Neuroscience Neurology Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy (M.F., P.P., M.A.R.); Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genova, Genoa, Italy (M.I., C.L.); IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Largo Rosanna Benzi, Genoa, Italy (M.I., C.L.); Center for Neurologic Imaging, Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass (A.M., A.M.P., C.R.G.G.); Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, MS Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neurosciences, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (B.M.); Department of Epidemiology and Data Science, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (J.W.R.T.); Anatomy & Neurosciences, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (L.E.J.); and Amsterdam Neuroscience, Brain Imaging and Neurodegeneration, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (L.E.J.).ORCID 0000-0002-7826-0019
Daniel S ReichFrom the MS Center Amsterdam, Anatomy & Neurosciences, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1117, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (P.M.B., S.N., F.A.N.S., M.M.S., J.J.G.G., M.D.S.); Translational Neuroradiology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md (E.S.B., D.S.R.); Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY (E.S.B.); Bio-imaging Institute, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France (G.B.); Neurology Section, Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy (M. Castellaro, M. Calabrese); Department of Information Engineering, University of Padova, Padova, Italy (M. Castellaro); NMR Research Unit, Queen Square MS Centre, Department of Neuroinflammation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, Faculty of Brain Sciences, University College London, London, UK (D.T.C.); National Institute for Health Research University College London Hospitals Biomedical Research Centre, London, UK (D.T.C.); Departments of Neuroradiology (P.E., B.W.) and Neurology (M.M.), School of Medicine, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany; Neuroimaging Research Unit, Division of Neuroscience Neurology Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy (M.F., P.P., M.A.R.); Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genova, Genoa, Italy (M.I., C.L.); IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Largo Rosanna Benzi, Genoa, Italy (M.I., C.L.); Center for Neurologic Imaging, Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass (A.M., A.M.P., C.R.G.G.); Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, MS Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neurosciences, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (B.M.); Department of Epidemiology and Data Science, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (J.W.R.T.); Anatomy & Neurosciences, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (L.E.J.); and Amsterdam Neuroscience, Brain Imaging and Neurodegeneration, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (L.E.J.).ORCID 0000-0002-2628-4334
Maria A RoccaFrom the MS Center Amsterdam, Anatomy & Neurosciences, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1117, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (P.M.B., S.N., F.A.N.S., M.M.S., J.J.G.G., M.D.S.); Translational Neuroradiology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md (E.S.B., D.S.R.); Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY (E.S.B.); Bio-imaging Institute, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France (G.B.); Neurology Section, Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy (M. Castellaro, M. Calabrese); Department of Information Engineering, University of Padova, Padova, Italy (M. Castellaro); NMR Research Unit, Queen Square MS Centre, Department of Neuroinflammation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, Faculty of Brain Sciences, University College London, London, UK (D.T.C.); National Institute for Health Research University College London Hospitals Biomedical Research Centre, London, UK (D.T.C.); Departments of Neuroradiology (P.E., B.W.) and Neurology (M.M.), School of Medicine, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany; Neuroimaging Research Unit, Division of Neuroscience Neurology Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy (M.F., P.P., M.A.R.); Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genova, Genoa, Italy (M.I., C.L.); IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Largo Rosanna Benzi, Genoa, Italy (M.I., C.L.); Center for Neurologic Imaging, Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass (A.M., A.M.P., C.R.G.G.); Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, MS Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neurosciences, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (B.M.); Department of Epidemiology and Data Science, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (J.W.R.T.); Anatomy & Neurosciences, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (L.E.J.); and Amsterdam Neuroscience, Brain Imaging and Neurodegeneration, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (L.E.J.).ORCID 0000-0003-2358-4320
Menno M SchoonheimFrom the MS Center Amsterdam, Anatomy & Neurosciences, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1117, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (P.M.B., S.N., F.A.N.S., M.M.S., J.J.G.G., M.D.S.); Translational Neuroradiology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md (E.S.B., D.S.R.); Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY (E.S.B.); Bio-imaging Institute, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France (G.B.); Neurology Section, Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy (M. Castellaro, M. Calabrese); Department of Information Engineering, University of Padova, Padova, Italy (M. Castellaro); NMR Research Unit, Queen Square MS Centre, Department of Neuroinflammation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, Faculty of Brain Sciences, University College London, London, UK (D.T.C.); National Institute for Health Research University College London Hospitals Biomedical Research Centre, London, UK (D.T.C.); Departments of Neuroradiology (P.E., B.W.) and Neurology (M.M.), School of Medicine, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany; Neuroimaging Research Unit, Division of Neuroscience Neurology Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy (M.F., P.P., M.A.R.); Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genova, Genoa, Italy (M.I., C.L.); IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Largo Rosanna Benzi, Genoa, Italy (M.I., C.L.); Center for Neurologic Imaging, Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass (A.M., A.M.P., C.R.G.G.); Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, MS Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neurosciences, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (B.M.); Department of Epidemiology and Data Science, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (J.W.R.T.); Anatomy & Neurosciences, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (L.E.J.); and Amsterdam Neuroscience, Brain Imaging and Neurodegeneration, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (L.E.J.).ORCID 0000-0002-2504-6959
Jos W R TwiskFrom the MS Center Amsterdam, Anatomy & Neurosciences, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1117, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (P.M.B., S.N., F.A.N.S., M.M.S., J.J.G.G., M.D.S.); Translational Neuroradiology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md (E.S.B., D.S.R.); Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY (E.S.B.); Bio-imaging Institute, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France (G.B.); Neurology Section, Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy (M. Castellaro, M. Calabrese); Department of Information Engineering, University of Padova, Padova, Italy (M. Castellaro); NMR Research Unit, Queen Square MS Centre, Department of Neuroinflammation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, Faculty of Brain Sciences, University College London, London, UK (D.T.C.); National Institute for Health Research University College London Hospitals Biomedical Research Centre, London, UK (D.T.C.); Departments of Neuroradiology (P.E., B.W.) and Neurology (M.M.), School of Medicine, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany; Neuroimaging Research Unit, Division of Neuroscience Neurology Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy (M.F., P.P., M.A.R.); Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genova, Genoa, Italy (M.I., C.L.); IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Largo Rosanna Benzi, Genoa, Italy (M.I., C.L.); Center for Neurologic Imaging, Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass (A.M., A.M.P., C.R.G.G.); Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, MS Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neurosciences, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (B.M.); Department of Epidemiology and Data Science, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (J.W.R.T.); Anatomy & Neurosciences, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (L.E.J.); and Amsterdam Neuroscience, Brain Imaging and Neurodegeneration, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (L.E.J.).
Benedict WiestlerFrom the MS Center Amsterdam, Anatomy & Neurosciences, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1117, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (P.M.B., S.N., F.A.N.S., M.M.S., J.J.G.G., M.D.S.); Translational Neuroradiology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md (E.S.B., D.S.R.); Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY (E.S.B.); Bio-imaging Institute, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France (G.B.); Neurology Section, Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy (M. Castellaro, M. Calabrese); Department of Information Engineering, University of Padova, Padova, Italy (M. Castellaro); NMR Research Unit, Queen Square MS Centre, Department of Neuroinflammation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, Faculty of Brain Sciences, University College London, London, UK (D.T.C.); National Institute for Health Research University College London Hospitals Biomedical Research Centre, London, UK (D.T.C.); Departments of Neuroradiology (P.E., B.W.) and Neurology (M.M.), School of Medicine, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany; Neuroimaging Research Unit, Division of Neuroscience Neurology Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy (M.F., P.P., M.A.R.); Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genova, Genoa, Italy (M.I., C.L.); IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Largo Rosanna Benzi, Genoa, Italy (M.I., C.L.); Center for Neurologic Imaging, Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass (A.M., A.M.P., C.R.G.G.); Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, MS Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neurosciences, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (B.M.); Department of Epidemiology and Data Science, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (J.W.R.T.); Anatomy & Neurosciences, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (L.E.J.); and Amsterdam Neuroscience, Brain Imaging and Neurodegeneration, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (L.E.J.).ORCID 0000-0002-2963-7772
Laura E JonkmanFrom the MS Center Amsterdam, Anatomy & Neurosciences, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1117, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (P.M.B., S.N., F.A.N.S., M.M.S., J.J.G.G., M.D.S.); Translational Neuroradiology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md (E.S.B., D.S.R.); Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY (E.S.B.); Bio-imaging Institute, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France (G.B.); Neurology Section, Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy (M. Castellaro, M. Calabrese); Department of Information Engineering, University of Padova, Padova, Italy (M. Castellaro); NMR Research Unit, Queen Square MS Centre, Department of Neuroinflammation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, Faculty of Brain Sciences, University College London, London, UK (D.T.C.); National Institute for Health Research University College London Hospitals Biomedical Research Centre, London, UK (D.T.C.); Departments of Neuroradiology (P.E., B.W.) and Neurology (M.M.), School of Medicine, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany; Neuroimaging Research Unit, Division of Neuroscience Neurology Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy (M.F., P.P., M.A.R.); Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genova, Genoa, Italy (M.I., C.L.); IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Largo Rosanna Benzi, Genoa, Italy (M.I., C.L.); Center for Neurologic Imaging, Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass (A.M., A.M.P., C.R.G.G.); Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, MS Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neurosciences, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (B.M.); Department of Epidemiology and Data Science, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (J.W.R.T.); Anatomy & Neurosciences, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (L.E.J.); and Amsterdam Neuroscience, Brain Imaging and Neurodegeneration, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (L.E.J.).ORCID 0000-0003-1479-3649
Charles R G GuttmannFrom the MS Center Amsterdam, Anatomy & Neurosciences, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1117, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (P.M.B., S.N., F.A.N.S., M.M.S., J.J.G.G., M.D.S.); Translational Neuroradiology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md (E.S.B., D.S.R.); Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY (E.S.B.); Bio-imaging Institute, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France (G.B.); Neurology Section, Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy (M. Castellaro, M. Calabrese); Department of Information Engineering, University of Padova, Padova, Italy (M. Castellaro); NMR Research Unit, Queen Square MS Centre, Department of Neuroinflammation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, Faculty of Brain Sciences, University College London, London, UK (D.T.C.); National Institute for Health Research University College London Hospitals Biomedical Research Centre, London, UK (D.T.C.); Departments of Neuroradiology (P.E., B.W.) and Neurology (M.M.), School of Medicine, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany; Neuroimaging Research Unit, Division of Neuroscience Neurology Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy (M.F., P.P., M.A.R.); Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genova, Genoa, Italy (M.I., C.L.); IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Largo Rosanna Benzi, Genoa, Italy (M.I., C.L.); Center for Neurologic Imaging, Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass (A.M., A.M.P., C.R.G.G.); Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, MS Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neurosciences, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (B.M.); Department of Epidemiology and Data Science, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (J.W.R.T.); Anatomy & Neurosciences, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (L.E.J.); and Amsterdam Neuroscience, Brain Imaging and Neurodegeneration, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (L.E.J.).
Jeroen J G GeurtsFrom the MS Center Amsterdam, Anatomy & Neurosciences, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1117, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (P.M.B., S.N., F.A.N.S., M.M.S., J.J.G.G., M.D.S.); Translational Neuroradiology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md (E.S.B., D.S.R.); Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY (E.S.B.); Bio-imaging Institute, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France (G.B.); Neurology Section, Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy (M. Castellaro, M. Calabrese); Department of Information Engineering, University of Padova, Padova, Italy (M. Castellaro); NMR Research Unit, Queen Square MS Centre, Department of Neuroinflammation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, Faculty of Brain Sciences, University College London, London, UK (D.T.C.); National Institute for Health Research University College London Hospitals Biomedical Research Centre, London, UK (D.T.C.); Departments of Neuroradiology (P.E., B.W.) and Neurology (M.M.), School of Medicine, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany; Neuroimaging Research Unit, Division of Neuroscience Neurology Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy (M.F., P.P., M.A.R.); Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genova, Genoa, Italy (M.I., C.L.); IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Largo Rosanna Benzi, Genoa, Italy (M.I., C.L.); Center for Neurologic Imaging, Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass (A.M., A.M.P., C.R.G.G.); Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, MS Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neurosciences, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (B.M.); Department of Epidemiology and Data Science, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (J.W.R.T.); Anatomy & Neurosciences, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (L.E.J.); and Amsterdam Neuroscience, Brain Imaging and Neurodegeneration, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (L.E.J.).
Martijn D SteenwijkFrom the MS Center Amsterdam, Anatomy & Neurosciences, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1117, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (P.M.B., S.N., F.A.N.S., M.M.S., J.J.G.G., M.D.S.); Translational Neuroradiology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md (E.S.B., D.S.R.); Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY (E.S.B.); Bio-imaging Institute, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France (G.B.); Neurology Section, Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy (M. Castellaro, M. Calabrese); Department of Information Engineering, University of Padova, Padova, Italy (M. Castellaro); NMR Research Unit, Queen Square MS Centre, Department of Neuroinflammation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, Faculty of Brain Sciences, University College London, London, UK (D.T.C.); National Institute for Health Research University College London Hospitals Biomedical Research Centre, London, UK (D.T.C.); Departments of Neuroradiology (P.E., B.W.) and Neurology (M.M.), School of Medicine, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany; Neuroimaging Research Unit, Division of Neuroscience Neurology Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy (M.F., P.P., M.A.R.); Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genova, Genoa, Italy (M.I., C.L.); IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Largo Rosanna Benzi, Genoa, Italy (M.I., C.L.); Center for Neurologic Imaging, Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass (A.M., A.M.P., C.R.G.G.); Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, MS Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neurosciences, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (B.M.); Department of Epidemiology and Data Science, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (J.W.R.T.); Anatomy & Neurosciences, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (L.E.J.); and Amsterdam Neuroscience, Brain Imaging and Neurodegeneration, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (L.E.J.).ORCID 0000-0002-8346-9044
Funding
Multimodal MRI in Multiple SclerosisZIANS003119 · NINDS · NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS AND STROKE · PI REICH, DANIEL · 2010 to 2025
$53.4MAbstract
Background Cortical multiple sclerosis lesions are clinically relevant but inconspicuous at conventional clinical MRI. Double inversion recovery (DIR) and phase-sensitive inversion recovery (PSIR) are more sensitive but often unavailable. In the past 2 years, artificial intelligence (AI) was used to generate DIR and PSIR from standard clinical sequences (eg, T1-weighted, T2-weighted, and fluid-attenuated inversion-recovery sequences), but multicenter validation is crucial for further implementation. Purpose To evaluate cortical and juxtacortical multiple sclerosis lesion detection for diagnostic and disease monitoring purposes on AI-generated DIR and PSIR images compared with MRI-acquired DIR and PSIR images in a multicenter setting. Materials and Methods Generative adversarial networks were used to generate AI-based DIR (
Indexed as
Multiple SclerosisArtificial IntelligenceFemaleHumansMagnetic Resonance ImagingMiddle AgedReproducibility of ResultsRetrospective Studies
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