ReviewNature reviews. Neurology2023
Sex and gender in neurodevelopmental conditions.
Review in Nature reviews. Neurology, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 128 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
128 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 216 citations in OpenAlex.
- Communicative Development Inventories (CDIs) in etiologically diverse developmental conditions: A systematic review.Research in developmental disabilities · 2026Pooled it
- Sex differences in children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a literature review.Frontiers in child and adolescent psychiatry · 2025Pooled it
- Cognitive Profile in Autism and ADHD: A Meta-Analysis of Performance on the WAIS-IV and WISC-V.Archives of clinical neuropsychology : the official journal of the National Academy of Neuropsychologists · 2024Pooled it
- Young minds in distress: Exploring the global rise in youth mental health diagnoses.Molecular psychiatry · 2026Review
- Academic achievement and socio-demographic differences in ADHD diagnosis: a population-based study of Swedish compulsory school pupils.Child and adolescent psychiatry and mental health · 2026Article
- Polygenic risk score for neurodevelopmental disorders and cognitive impairment at long-term follow-up of first-episode psychosis.European archives of psychiatry and clinical neuroscience · 2026Article
- Androgens mediate sexual dimorphism in Pilarowski-Bjornsson syndrome.American journal of human genetics · 2026Article
- Sex Bias in the Clinical Diagnosis of ADHD: A Critical Review.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Review
- Sexual and Reproductive Healthcare Among Youth With Autism and ADHD: A Population-Based Study From Sweden.Autism research : official journal of the International Society for Autism Research · 2026Article
- Dissecting the shared genetic architecture between testosterone traits and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.European child & adolescent psychiatry · 2026Article
- Executive function challenges persist into young adulthood and predict mental health outcomes in autism.Journal of child psychology and psychiatry, and allied disciplines · 2026Article
- Are There Sex or Gender Differences in Autistic Characteristics? An Umbrella Systematic Review.Journal of autism and developmental disorders · 2026Article
- Prenatal targeted maternal pregnancy metabolomic profiles, child emotional and behavioral problems, and autism related traits in the NYU CHES cohort.Molecular psychiatry · 2026Article
- Latent Classes of Typical and Atypical Speech Development in Low-Income Children: A Longitudinal Study From Early Childhood to Adolescence.Journal of speech, language, and hearing research : JSLHR · 2026Article
- Mortality Risk Between Ages 11 and 22 Years Among Young People With Neurodisability in England: A National Cohort Study Using Linked Health and Education Data.Paediatric and perinatal epidemiology · 2026Article
- Early life stress induces sex-specific changes in cognitive and affective behavior associated with disrupted noradrenergic physiology.Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology · 2026Article
- Review
- Sex-stratified insights into the genetics of brain volumes in late adulthood.Biology of sex differences · 2026Article
- Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor activation and mental health: a drug-target mendelian randomization study.Translational psychiatry · 2026Article
- Longitudinal developmental profiles in 4- to 5-year-old Dutch children: a latent profile analysis.European child & adolescent psychiatry · 2026Article
68 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors at 6 institutions in 8 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Health-related conditions often differ qualitatively or quantitatively between individuals of different birth-assigned sexes and gender identities, and/or with different gendered experiences, requiring tailored care. Studying the moderating and mediating effects of sex-related and gender-related factors on impairment, disability, wellbeing and health is of paramount importance especially for neurodivergent individuals, who are diagnosed with neurodevelopmental conditions with uneven sex/gender distributions. Researchers have become aware of the myriad influences that sex-related and gender-related variables have on the manifestations of neurodevelopmental conditions, and contemporary work has begun to investigate the mechanisms through which these effects are mediated. Here we describe topical concepts of sex and gender science, summarize current knowledge, and discuss research and clinical challenges related to autism, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and other neurodevelopmental conditions. We consider sex and gender in the context of epidemiology, behavioural phenotypes, neurobiology, genetics, endocrinology and neighbouring disciplines. The available evidence supports the view that sex and gender are important contributors to the biological and behavioural variability in neurodevelopmental conditions. Methodological caveats such as frequent conflation of sex and gender constructs, inappropriate measurement of these constructs and under-representation of specific demographic groups (for example, female and gender minority individuals and people with intellectual disabilities) limit the translational potential of research so far. Future research and clinical implementation should integrate sex and gender into next-generation diagnostics, mechanistic investigations and support practices.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.