ArticleFrontiers in neurology2022
Rapid onset of functional tic-like behaviors among adolescent girls-Minnesota, September-November 2021.
Article in Frontiers in neurology, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 7 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
7 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 4 citations in OpenAlex.
- A systematic review to characterize functional tic-like behaviors.Frontiers in child and adolescent psychiatry · 2026Pooled it
- Walking towards the future: Exploring OpenTUG's validity in automatic walking activity analyses and the relationship to cognition in vestibular patients.Behavior research methods · 2026Article
- Psychiatric comorbidity in functional tics: a scoping review.BMC psychiatry · 2026Article
- Case Report: Autism-like phenomenology in functional neurological disorder in the social-media era: over- and under-diagnosis of autism as a bidirectional clinical problem.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2026Article
- Neurodevelopmental Tics with Co-Morbid Functional Tic-like Behaviors: Diagnostic Challenges of a Complex Tourette Syndrome Phenotype.Brain sciences · 2025Article
- Functional Tic-like Behaviors: From the COVID-19 Pandemic to the Post-Pandemic Era.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Review
- A cross-sectional study on the neurocognitive outcomes in vestibular impaired school-aged children: are they at higher risk for cognitive deficits?Journal of neurology · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
9 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Background: On October 15, 2021, the Minnesota Department of Health began investigating a school cluster of students experiencing tic-like behaviors thought to be related to recent COVID-19. The objective of this report is to describe the investigation, key findings, and public health recommendations. Methods: Affected students and proxies were interviewed with a standardized questionnaire including validated depression and anxiety screens. Results: Eight students had tic-like behaviors lasting >24 h after initial report with onset during September 26-October 30, 2021. All eight students were females aged 15-17 years. All students either had a history of depression or anxiety or scored as having more than minimal anxiety or depression on validated screens. Four students previously had confirmed COVID-19: the interval between prior COVID-19 and tic symptom onset varied from more than a year prior to tic symptom onset to at the time of tic symptom onset. Conclusion: The onset of tic-like behaviors at one school in Minnesota appeared to be related more to underlying mental health conditions than recent COVID-19. These findings highlight the need to better understand functional tic-like behaviors and adolescent mental health.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.