ArticleAmerican journal of transplantation : official journal of the American Society of Transplantation and the American Society of Transplant Surgeons2023
Low-dose interleukin-2 promotes immune regulation in face transplantation: A pilot study.
Article in American journal of transplantation : official journal of the American Society of Transplantation and the American Society of Transplant Surgeons, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 12 papers.
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Who cites it
12 citing papers in PubMed, 14 citations in OpenAlex.
- Selective impact on regulatory T cells with sustained functional phenotypes by the interleukin-2 mutein VIS171 in a nonhuman primate model.American journal of transplantation : official journal of the American Society of Transplantation and the American Society of Transplant Surgeons · 2026Article
- IL-2 mutein promotes antigen-specific transplant acceptance in mice through expansion of ST2Nature communications · 2026Article
- Immune imbalance between T helper 1, T helper 17 and regulatory T cells fuels amyotrophic lateral sclerosis pathogenesis: disease trajectory, diagnosis and therapeutic implications.Journal of neuroinflammation · 2026Review
- Transplantation immunology: paradigm shift from systemic suppression to microenvironment remodeling and precision modulation.Frontiers in cell and developmental biology · 2026Review
- Regulatory T cell therapy in solid organ transplantation: mechanisms, translational progress, and remaining barriers.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Cellular Therapies in Transplantation - Regulatory T Cell Therapies and Virus Specific Therapies.Current transplantation reports · 2025Article
- Multi-omics identification of activated T cells and spatial PD-1/PD-L1 signaling as biomarkers of diabetic foot ulcer healing.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2025Article
- Immunosuppressive and antiinfectious regimens in vascular composite allograft recipients-a systematic review.Frontiers in transplantation · 2025Review
- Belatacept and regulatory T cells in transplantation: synergistic strategies for immune tolerance and graft survival.Clinical transplantation and research · 2024Review
- Whole-eye transplantation: Current challenges and future perspectives.World journal of transplantation · 2024Review
- A humanized IL-2 mutein expands Tregs and prolongs transplant survival in preclinical models.The Journal of clinical investigation · 2024Article
- Immunosuppressive strategies in face and hand transplantation: a comprehensive systematic review of current therapy regimens and outcomes.Frontiers in transplantation · 2024Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
15 authors at 5 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Face transplantation is a life-changing procedure for patients with severe composite facial defects. However, it is hampered by high acute rejection rates due to the immunogenicity of skin allograft and toxicity linked to high doses of immunosuppression. To reduce immunosuppression-associated complications, we, for the first time in face transplant recipients, used low-dose interleukin 2 (IL-2) therapy to expand regulatory T cells (Tregs) in vivo and to enhance immune modulation, under close immunological monitoring of peripheral blood and skin allograft. Low-dose IL-2 achieved a sustained expansion (∼4-fold to 5-fold) of circulating Tregs and a reduction (∼3.5-fold) of B cells. Post-IL-2 Tregs exhibited greater suppressive function, characterized by higher expression of TIM-3 and LAG3co-inhibitory molecules. In the skin allograft, Tregs increased after low-dose IL-2 therapy. IL-2 induced a distinct molecular signature in the allograft with reduced cytotoxicity-associated genes (granzyme B and perforin). Two complications were observed during the trial: one rejection event and an episode of autoimmune hemolytic anemia. In summary, this initial experience demonstrated that low-dose IL-2 therapy was not only able to promote immune regulation in face transplant recipients but also highlighted challenges related to its narrow therapeutic window. More specific targeted Treg expansion strategies are needed to translate this approach to the clinic.
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Registered trials
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