ArticleResearch on child and adolescent psychopathology2023
Explaining the Female Preponderance in Adolescent Depression-A Four-Wave Cohort Study.
Article in Research on child and adolescent psychopathology, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 25 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
25 citing papers in PubMed, 50 citations in OpenAlex.
- Depression as a Longitudinal Modulator of Physical-Verbal Aggression in Early Adolescence: Trajectories and Sex Comparisons.Actas espanolas de psiquiatria · 2026Article
- Early life stress induces sex-specific changes in cognitive and affective behavior associated with disrupted noradrenergic physiology.Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology · 2026Article
- Clustering socio-demographic of Indonesian adolescents and their associations with depression: a cross-sectional study.BMJ open · 2026Article
- Emotional Dysregulation and Temperament in Adolescents with Acute Psychiatric Conditions: Gender Differences and the Role of Psychiatric Diagnosis.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Article
- Attachment insecurity, adverse childhood experiences (ACEs), and suicidality in French residential-care adolescents: a gender-differentiated study.Child and adolescent psychiatry and mental health · 2025Article
- Sex, early life adversity, and negative self-evaluation shape the association between negative life events and depressive symptoms in adolescence.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Trajectories of Depressive Symptoms and Associated Factors Among Reproductive Age Women in Khwisero, Western Kenya: A Longitudinal Community-based Study.The Psychiatric quarterly · 2025Article
- Environmental and Socio-Demographic Influences on General Self-Efficacy in Norwegian Adolescents.Behavioral sciences (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Temperament, Peer Difficulties, and the Development of Depressive Symptoms from Mid- to Late-Adolescence.Research on child and adolescent psychopathology · 2025Article
- Depression in Romanian Medical Students-A Study, Systematic Review, and Meta-Analysis.Journal of clinical medicine · 2025Article
- Sex differences in associations between hair glucocorticoids and internalizing symptoms in adolescents.Comprehensive psychoneuroendocrinology · 2025Article
- Generational Shifts in Adolescent Mental Health: A Longitudinal Time-Lag Study.Journal of youth and adolescence · 2025Article
- Why are adolescent girls more prone to stress-induced depression? Testing moderation, mediation, and reciprocal causality in a three-wave longitudinal study.Journal of research on adolescence : the official journal of the Society for Research on Adolescence · 2025Article
- Article
- An Investigation of Adolescent Mental Health In a New York City Cohort Before and During the COVID-19 Pandemic in the Primary Care Setting.Maternal and child health journal · 2025Article
- Depression and Anxiety Among Adolescents in Northern Sudan: A School-Based Cross-Sectional Study.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2025Article
- The Relationship Between Insufficient Sleep and Depressive Symptoms in Chinese Adolescents: A National Survey of Contributing Factors.Nature and science of sleep · 2025Article
- Effects of mental health on transition readiness in primary care.Health care transitions · 2025Article
- Early life stress induced sex-specific changes in behavior is paralleled by altered locus coeruleus physiology in BALB/cJ mice.Neurobiology of stress · 2024Article
- Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
In the transition from childhood into adolescence, a female preponderance in depression emerges. Despite substantial empirical research to test theoretical propositions as to why this happens, our understanding is still limited. One explanation claims that girls become exposed to more stress (stress exposure model) whereas another proposes that girls become more vulnerable to the impact of stress (stress reactivity model) than boys when entering adolescence. Stressful life events (SLEs) and bullying victimization are established risk factors for adolescent depression. However, whether these factors contribute to the gender difference in depression is undetermined and thus investigated herein. Children (49.9% boys; n = 748) and parents from two birth cohorts in Trondheim, Norway, were followed biennially from ages 8 to 14 with clinical interviews about symptoms of depressive disorders and self-reports on SLEs. Teachers reported on bullying victimization. Prospective associations were investigated using an autoregressive latent trajectory model with structured residuals, examining within-person longitudinal associations while accounting for all time-invariant confounding effects. The number of depressive symptoms increased from ages 12 to 14 among girls. In the period before (ages 10 to 12), girls and boys were equally exposed to SLEs and bullying victimization. Increased stress (both SLEs and bullying victimization) at age 12 predicted increased depression at age 14 more strongly among girls than boys. Hence, increased impact-but not exposure-of SLEs and bullying victimization in girls may partly explain the emerging female preponderance in depression, in line with a stress reactivity model.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.