ArticlePM & R : the journal of injury, function, and rehabilitation2023
The global state of play: A study of the demographic characteristics of disability golfers.
Article in PM & R : the journal of injury, function, and rehabilitation, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
3 citing papers in PubMed.
- The Use of Golf Carts as On-Course Transportation During Competitive Golf Events: A Scoping Review.Sports medicine (Auckland, N.Z.) · 2026Article
- Performance measures across playing categories in competitive golfers with disabilities: a cross-sectional study.Frontiers in sports and active living · 2026Article
- Beyond the Handicap: A Cross-Sectional Study of Mental Health Amongst Registered Golfers in Spain.Sports (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundGolf is a moderate-intensity physical activity that provides positive physical and mental health benefits. However, the inclusiveness of the sport for individuals with disabilities globally is unknown.
objectiveTo characterize the demographics and disability characteristics of individuals engaging in disability golf globally. It was hypothesized that the majority of participants would be middle-aged, male, and from countries with higher gross domestic product, similar to the nondisabled population.
designDescriptive, cross-sectional analysis using European Disability Golf Association (EDGA) database.
settingVarious international golf tournaments.
participantsGolfers (n = 1734) with disability from 44 countries registered with the EDGA (2017-2021).
interventionsNot applicable. MAIN OUTCOMES: Descriptive analyses of frequencies, distributions, and means differences of demographic characteristics (age, gender, type of disability, level of handicap, golf cart use, and country of origin) of golfers with disability were performed. Data provided analysis of the association between number of participants and a country's gross domestic product (GDP).
resultsIndividuals had a mean age of 52.5 (±15.6) years: 1589 (91.6%) male and 145 (8.4%) female. Twenty-three countries had female participation. The most commonly reported primary disability diagnoses were neurologic (24.8%), orthopedic (21.4%), and amputation below the knee (14.4%). Neurologic impairments (24.7%) were most common in men and orthopedic impairments (29.7%) were most common in women. Individuals with neurological impairments (27.4%) most frequently required golf carts to play. The GDP of a country had a positive correlation (r = 0.68) with the number of registered golfers with disability.
conclusionGolf is played by individuals with a variety of disabilities and provides numerous benefits. However, there is an underrepresentation of youth, women, and individuals with certain impairments and from lower-income countries. These are the potential areas of opportunity to improve engagement and inclusiveness of golf.
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Registered trials
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