SynthesisBMC oral health2023
The impact of smoking on periodontitis patients' GCF/serum cytokine profile both before and after periodontal therapy: a meta-analysis.
Synthesis in BMC oral health, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 8 papers.
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Who cites it
8 citing papers in PubMed.
- Impact of smoking and periodontitis on salivary IL-39, IL-41, IL-1β, and TNF-α levels: a cross-sectional analysis.BMC oral health · 2026Article
- Innovative Biomarkers for Oral Immunity: Advancements and Clinical Applications.Advances in experimental medicine and biology · 2026Review
- Effect of minimally invasive non-surgical periodontal therapy in former smokers with periodontitis on salivary IL-1β and PGE-2 profile.Frontiers in oral health · 2026Article
- From mitochondria to immune networks: new mesenchymal stem cell strategies to treat periodontitis.Stem cell research & therapy · 2025Review
- Periodontal Disease Elevates IL-6 Levels During Initial Symptoms of COVID-19.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Immune cell composition and inflammatory profile of human peri-implantitis and periodontitis lesions.Clinical and experimental immunology · 2024Article
- Serum biomarker levels in smokers and non-smokers following periodontal therapy. A prospective cohort study.BMC oral health · 2024Article
- Influence of Diabetes Mellitus and Smoking on Pro- and Anti-Inflammatory Cytokine Profiles in Gingival Crevicular Fluid.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
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Authors and funding
4 authors.
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Abstract
backgroundSmoking is an established modifying factor for the host immune response of periodontitis patients. However, its exact influence remains unclear. We aimed to compare the cytokine profile of periodontitis patients with and without smoking habits both before and after periodontal therapy to preliminarily explore its influence on the host immune response to periodontitis.
methodsThe protocol of the present meta-analysis was registered in the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO) under the code CRD42021255656. Meta-analysis was performed for each cytokine if at least three studies were included. We synthesized the evidence to compare the cytokine profile of periodontitis with and without smoking both in gingival cervical fluid (GCF) and serum to explore the impact of smoking on periodontitis both locally and systemically. Moreover, we also compared the cytokine profile of the two groups of patients after periodontal therapy to explore the effect of smoking on the outcome of periodontal therapy.
resultsFifteen studies were included in this meta-analysis. We found that there was no significant difference between the two groups of patients in the baseline cytokine profile. However, after periodontal therapy, smoking periodontitis patients showed significantly higher IL-1β levels in their GCF than nonsmoking patients. DISCUSSION: There was no significant difference between smoking and nonsmoking periodontitis patients in the baseline cytokine profile. However, after periodontal therapy, smoking periodontitis patients showed significantly higher IL-1β levels in their GCF than nonsmoking patients, which indicates that smoking may impair the response of periodontitis to periodontal treatment.
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