ReviewNeuropsychiatric disease and treatment2023
Effective Management of "OFF" Episodes in Parkinson's Disease: Emerging Treatment Strategies and Unmet Clinical Needs.
Review in Neuropsychiatric disease and treatment, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 16 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
16 citing papers in PubMed, 25 citations in OpenAlex.
- Foslevodopa/Foscarbidopa Subcutaneous Infusion Safety and Efficacy in Patients with and Without Prior Deep Brain Stimulation.Advances in therapy · 2026Trial
- Effects of Blood Flow Restriction Resistance Training on Autonomic and Endothelial Function in Persons with Parkinson's Disease.Journal of Parkinson's disease · 2024Trial
- Inhaled Levodopa for the Management of OFF Episodes in Patients with Parkinson's Disease: A Network Meta-analysis.Neurology and therapy · 2026Article
- Sternum-worn vibrotactile device in Parkinson's disease: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot trial.NPJ Parkinson's disease · 2026Article
- Living with the Unknown: Intolerance of Uncertainty in Parkinson's Disease.Movement disorders clinical practice · 2026Review
- Beyond Dysphagia in Parkinson's Disease: 3D Printing of Orally Disintegrating Tablets (ODTs) for Optimized Treatment.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- A Real-World Study on Unstable Parkinson's Disease: Levodopa Dosage Management and the Role of Nonmotor Symptoms.Movement disorders clinical practice · 2025Article
- The role of L-DOPA in neurological and neurodegenerative complications: a review.Molecular and cellular biochemistry · 2025Review
- Interventions for promoting physical activity in people with newly diagnosed Parkinson's disease: scoping review.Systematic reviews · 2025Article
- Symptom improvement in a South Asian patient with Parkinson's disease treated with immediate- and extended-release carbidopa-levodopa: a case report.Journal of medical case reports · 2025Article
- Transdermal delivery of resveratrol loaded solid lipid nanoparticle as a microneedle patch: a novel approach for the treatment of Parkinson's disease.Drug delivery and translational research · 2025Article
- Review
- Enhancements in Parkinson's Disease Management: Leveraging Levodopa Optimization and Surgical Breakthroughs.Current drug targets · 2025Review
- Biological Nanotherapeutics Derived From Human Umbilical Cord Mesenchymal Stem Cells: Mechanisms and Translational Potential in Multisystem Therapies for Regeneration and Oncology.International journal of nanomedicine · 2025Review
- Should continuous dopaminergic stimulation be a standard of care in advanced Parkinson's disease?Journal of neural transmission (Vienna, Austria : 1996) · 2023Review
- Opicapone Improves the Pharmacokinetics of Levodopa Administered as Extended-Release Capsules.Clinical neuropharmacologyArticle
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Motor complications related to the chronic administration of levodopa and failure to prevent the neurodegenerative disease process counterbalance the pivotal discovery of levodopa as the cornerstone of PD treatment. Excellent motor control is offered early during the course of treatment, but this diminishes as pathological changes in the striatum lead to synaptic dopamine levels becoming completely dependent on exogenous dopamine. This non-physiologic stimulation of dopamine receptors eventually manifests as OFF episodes. As no disease modifying therapy exists for PD that can disrupt these pathological changes, most research and treatment focuses on optimization of dopaminergic stimulation of striatal receptors so that they mimic tonic, physiologic stimulation as closely as possible. Strategies focusing on these challenges have included non-pharmacologic approaches, optimizing levodopa pharmacokinetics, using adjunctive treatments including those with non-dopaminergic mechanisms, and implementing rescue therapies. Device aided therapies, including surgery, are also available. In this review, we will focus on effective management of motor symptoms related to OFF periods, including emerging strategies. Unmet clinical needs will be discussed, including non-motor symptoms, targeted molecular therapies and disease modifying therapy.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.