ArticleBreast cancer research : BCR2023
Expression of hormone receptors is associated with specific immunological profiles of the breast cancer microenvironment.
Article in Breast cancer research : BCR, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. Cited by 18 papers.
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18 citing papers in PubMed, 21 citations in OpenAlex.
- Multi-platform analysis of the tumor immune microenvironment associated with breast cancer subtypes.Oncoimmunology · 2026Article
- Breast cancer immunogenicity as a spectrum: evolving concepts and therapeutic implications.The Journal of clinical investigation · 2026Review
- Unraveling the intricate molecular mechanisms of sex hormones' roles in breast cancer pathogenesis: A review.Medicine · 2026Review
- Co-targeting CDK4/6 enhances anti-cancer activity and alleviates immune-related adverse events of anti-PD-1 antibody for breast cancer.Cell reports. Medicine · 2025Article
- Metabolic characterization and radiomics-based composite model for breast cancer immune microenvironment types usingEuropean journal of nuclear medicine and molecular imaging · 2025Article
- Why combine and why neoadjuvant? Tumor immunological perspectives on chemoimmunotherapy in triple-negative breast cancer.Breast cancer (Tokyo, Japan) · 2025Review
- "Carnosine-Niosomal Delivery System for Targeted Cancer Therapy".Cell biochemistry and biophysics · 2025Review
- Clinicopathological significance of androgen receptor expression and tumor infiltrating lymphocytes in triple-negative breast cancer: a retrospective cohort study.Breast cancer (Tokyo, Japan) · 2025Article
- Reprogramming the tumor microenvironment to boost adoptive T cell therapy.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
- Adherence to Aromatase Inhibitor Therapy in Breast Cancer: Insights From a Multicenter Italian Study.The breast journal · 2025Article
- Multimodal diagnostic models and subtype analysis for neoadjuvant therapy in breast cancer.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Article
- Elucidating Sex-Specific Immune Profiles in a Breast Cancer Model.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Article
- Regulation of Stromal Cells by Sex Steroid Hormones in the Breast Cancer Microenvironment.Cancers · 2024Review
- Towards targeting the breast cancer immune microenvironment.Nature reviews. Cancer · 2024Review
- Investigating the immunological function of alpha-2-glycoprotein 1, zinc-binding in regulating tumor response in the breast cancer microenvironment.Cancer immunology, immunotherapy : CII · 2024Article
- Review
- Clinical Meaning of Stromal Tumor Infiltrating Lymphocytes (sTIL) in Early Luminal B Breast Cancer.Cancers · 2023Article
- Correction: Expression of hormone receptors is associated with specific immunological profiles of the breast cancer microenvironment.Breast cancer research : BCR · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
- Erratum issued
Authors and funding
12 authors at 6 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundElucidating the unique immunoregulatory mechanisms in breast cancer microenvironment may help develop new therapeutic strategies. Some studies have suggested that hormone receptors also have immune regulatory functions, but their mechanisms are not fully understood. In this study, we have comprehensively analyzed the relationship between the expressions of estrogen (ER), progesterone (PgR), and androgen receptors (AR), and the immunological profile in breast cancer.
methodsUsing publicly available gene expression profile datasets, METABRIC and SCAN-B, the associations between the expressions of hormone receptors and the immune cell compositions in breast cancer tissue, estimated by CIBERSORTx algorithm, were analyzed. We histologically evaluated tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (hTIL), PD-L1 (hPD-L1) expression, and the infiltration of 11 types of immune cells by flow cytometry (FCM) for 45 breast cancer tissue samples. The relationships between them and the expressions of ER, PgR, and AR of tumor tissues, evaluated immunohistochemically, were analyzed.
resultsExpressions of ESR1, PGR, and AR were negatively correlated with overall immune composition. Expressions of ER and AR, but not that of PgR, were inversely associated with hTIL and hPD-L1 expression. FCM analysis showed that the expressions of ER and AR, but not that of PgR, were associated with decreased total leukocyte infiltration. Both CIBERSORTx and FCM analysis showed that ER expression was associated with reduced infiltration of macrophages and CD4+ T cells and that of AR with reduced macrophage infiltration.
conclusionHormone receptor expression correlates with specific immunological profiles in the breast cancer microenvironment both at the gene and protein expression levels.
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