ArticleSleep2023
Sleep spindles in the healthy brain from birth through 18 years.
Article in Sleep, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 35 papers.
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Who cites it
35 citing papers in PubMed, 40 citations in OpenAlex.
- Excitation/Inhibition Balance as a Mechanistic Link Between Sleep Disturbance and Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Bidirectional Framework.Alpha psychiatry · 2026Review
- Fast sleep spindles as a potential prognostic marker of developmental outcome in infantile epileptic spasms syndrome.Epilepsia open · 2026Article
- Histamine regulation in shaping spindle refractoriness: a computational modeling study.Journal of computational neuroscience · 2026Article
- The infraslow fluctuation of sigma power during sleep and its links to markers of arousal and memory reactivation across development.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- A dataset of EEG and ECG recordings around the onset of NREM sleep from infancy to adolescence.Scientific data · 2026Article
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- Sleep Disturbances and Non-REM Phase Alterations in Children with Celiac Disease: A Combined Questionnaire and EEG Study.Brain sciences · 2026Article
- Auditory-evoked changes in slow oscillations and spindles correlate with memory consolidation in children with epilepsy and controls.Clinical neurophysiology : official journal of the International Federation of Clinical Neurophysiology · 2026Article
- Sleep and infant development in the first year.Pediatric research · 2026Article
- Differences in sleep spindles and polysomnography in humans: a meta-analysis on the influence of age, sex, and cognitive ability.Frontiers in sleep · 2026Review
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- Sleep Spindle Abnormalities as Neurophysiological Biomarkers of Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders: From Cellular Mechanisms and Neural Circuits to Clinical Implications.Biological psychiatry · 2025Review
- Do twitching and twitch-spindle coupling differ between N2 and N3 sleep in 6-month-olds?bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2025Article
- Infant sleep EEG features at 4 months as biomarkers of neurodevelopment at 18 months.Pediatric research · 2025Article
- Sleep Spindle Abnormalities in Preschool Children With Autism Spectrum Disability: Insights From Nap Polysomnography.Autism research : official journal of the International Society for Autism Research · 2025Article
- Threshold Values of Sleep Spindles Features in Healthy Adults Using Scalp-EEG and Associations With Sleep Parameters.Annals of clinical and translational neurology · 2025Observational
- Pediatric sleep electrophysiology: Using polysomnography in developmental cognitive neuroscience.Developmental cognitive neuroscience · 2025Review
- Sleep spindles as a predictor of cognitive motor dissociation and recovery of consciousness after acute brain injury.Nature medicine · 2025Observational
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
STUDY
objectiveSleep spindles are present from birth and reflect cognitive functions across the lifespan, but normative values for this cognitive biomarker across development are lacking. This study aims to establish normative spindle features over development.
methodsAll available normal 19-channel electroencephalograms from developmentally normal children between February 2002 and June 2021 in the MGH EEG lab were analyzed. Approximately, 20 000 spindles were hand-marked to train and validate an automated spindle detector across ages. Normative values for spindle rate, duration, frequency, refractory period, and interhemispheric lag are provided for each channel and each age.
resultsSleep EEGs from 567 developmentally normal children (range 0 days to 18 years) were included. The detector had excellent performance (F1 = 0.47). Maximal spindle activity is seen over central regions during infancy and adolescence and frontopolar regions during childhood. Spindle rate and duration increase nonlinearly, with the most rapid changes during the first 4 months of life and between ages 3 and 14 years. Peak spindle frequency follows a U-shaped curve and discrete frontal slow and central fast spindles are evident by 18 months. Spindle refractory periods decrease between ages 1 and 14 years while interhemispheric asynchrony decreases over the first 3 months of life and between ages 1 and 14 years.
conclusionsThese data provide age- and region-specific normative values for sleep spindles across development, where measures that deviate from these values can be considered pathological. As spindles provide a noninvasive biomarker for cognitive function across the lifespan, these normative measures can accelerate the discovery and diagnosis in neurodevelopmental disorders.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.