ArticleISME communications2021
Persistence of birth mode-dependent effects on gut microbiome composition, immune system stimulation and antimicrobial resistance during the first year of life.
Article in ISME communications, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 29 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
29 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 46 citations in OpenAlex.
- The role of breastfeeding in modulating antimicrobial resistance in neonates: a systematic review.Pediatric research · 2026Pooled it
- Maternal secretor status and human milk oligosaccharides influence the infant gut resistome.Cell reports. Medicine · 2026Article
- Effects of Timing of Microbial Exposure on Microbiome Assembly and Amphibian Immune Development.Ecology and evolution · 2026Article
- Protecting Newborns from Multidrug-Resistant Infections: The Emerging Role of Bacteriophages.Viruses · 2026Review
- Off to a good start: current gaps and priorities in early-life microbiome research.FEMS microbiology reviews · 2026Review
- Advancement on the Association between Gut Microbiota and Autism Spectrum Disorder in Children.Annals of nutrition & metabolism · 2026Review
- Article
- A reconceptualized framework for human microbiome transmission in early life.Nature communications · 2025Review
- Understanding the transfer and persistence of antimicrobial resistance in aquaculture using a model teleost gut system.Animal microbiome · 2025Article
- Observational study protocol: the faecal microbiome in the acute stage of new-onset paediatric type 1 diabetes in an Irish cohort.BMJ open · 2025Article
- Distinguishing among evolutionary and ecological processes shaping microbiome dynamics.The ISME journal · 2025Review
- Personalized modeling of gut microbiome metabolism throughout the first year of life.Communications medicine · 2024Article
- Unlocking the potential for microbiome-based therapeutics to address the sustainable development goal of good health and wellbeing.Microbial biotechnology · 2024Review
- Influence of Early Life Factors on the Breast Milk and Fecal Microbiota of Mother-Newborn Dyads.Microorganisms · 2024Article
- Antibiotic resistance gene dynamics in the commensal infant gut microbiome over the first year of life.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Human microbiome variation associated with race and ethnicity emerges as early as 3 months of age.PLoS biology · 2023Article
- Gut microbiome immaturity and childhood acute lymphoblastic leukaemia.Nature reviews. Cancer · 2023Review
- Maternal vaginal microbiome composition does not affect development of the infant gut microbiome in early life.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2023Article
- Microbiome as an immune regulator in health, disease, and therapeutics.Advanced drug delivery reviews · 2022Review
- Microbiome-based interventions to modulate gut ecology and the immune system.Mucosal immunology · 2022Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
10 authors at 3 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Caesarean section delivery (CSD) disrupts mother-to-neonate transmission of specific microbial strains and functional repertoires as well as linked immune system priming. Here we investigate whether differences in microbiome composition and impacts on host physiology persist at 1 year of age. We perform high-resolution, quantitative metagenomic analyses of the gut microbiomes of infants born by vaginal delivery (VD) or by CSD, from immediately after birth through to 1 year of life. Several microbial populations show distinct enrichments in CSD-born infants at 1 year of age including strains of Bacteroides caccae, Bifidobacterium bifidum and Ruminococcus gnavus, whereas others are present at higher levels in the VD group including Faecalibacterium prausnitizii, Bifidobacterium breve and Bifidobacterium kashiwanohense. The stimulation of healthy donor-derived primary human immune cells with LPS isolated from neonatal stool samples results in higher levels of tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) in the case of CSD extracts over time, compared to extracts from VD infants for which no such changes were observed during the first year of life. Functional analyses of the VD metagenomes at 1 year of age demonstrate a significant increase in the biosynthesis of the natural antibiotics, carbapenem and phenazine. Concurrently, we find antimicrobial resistance (AMR) genes against several classes of antibiotics in both VD and CSD. The abundance of AMR genes against synthetic (including semi-synthetic) agents such as phenicol, pleuromutilin and diaminopyrimidine are increased in CSD children at day 5 after birth. In addition, we find that mobile genetic elements, including phages, encode AMR genes such as glycopeptide, diaminopyrimidine and multidrug resistance genes. Our results demonstrate persistent effects at 1 year of life resulting from birth mode-dependent differences in earliest gut microbiome colonisation.
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.