ArticlePNAS nexus2022
Inequality in the availability of residential air conditioning across 115 US metropolitan areas.
Article in PNAS nexus, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 29 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
29 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Urban heat island impacts on heat-related cardiovascular morbidity: A time series analysis of older adults in US metropolitan areas.Environment international · 2023Pooled it
- Assessing disparities in air conditioning operation across Southern California.Research square · 2026Article
- Assessing the Evidence for Differential Health Effects of Wildfire Smoke Across Fires and Populations: A Critical Review of Recent Studies.Current environmental health reports · 2026Review
- A universal scaling law of intra-urban inequality.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Large-scale modeling for housing condition prediction using machine learning algorithms.Scientific data · 2026Article
- Article
- Higher temperatures are associated with increased interpersonal and self-inflicted violence-related Medicaid hospital visits in the United States.Communications sustainability · 2026Article
- A Comprehensive Dataset of Residential Air Conditioning Prevalence in the Continental United States.Scientific data · 2025Article
- Metrics of Urbanicity and Rurality in US-Based Epidemiologic Studies of Ambient Temperature and Health: A Scoping Review.Current environmental health reports · 2025Article
- The effects of residential air conditioning and social vulnerability on heat-related hospitalizations in California.Environment international · 2025Article
- Heat Wave Beliefs and Behaviors in Southern Spain.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2025Article
- Data driven assessment of built environment impacts on urban health across United States cities.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Raising the temperature: A critical geographical perspective on heat.Progress in environmental geography · 2025Article
- Contemporary income inequality outweighs historic redlining in shaping intra-urban heat disparities in Los Angeles.Nature communications · 2025Article
- Declining urban density attenuates rising population exposure to surface heat extremes.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- High Heat Exposure and Medical Utilization among the CKD Population.Clinical journal of the American Society of Nephrology : CJASN · 2025Article
- Heat Waves and Early Birth: Exploring Vulnerability by Individual- and Area-Level Factors.GeoHealth · 2025Article
- Impact of Heat on Respiratory Hospitalizations among Older Adults in 120 Large U.S. Urban Areas.Annals of the American Thoracic Society · 2025Article
- Emergency department visits in California associated with wildfire PMEnvironmental research, health : ERH · 2025Article
- Ambient smoke exposure and indoor air quality in eastern Massachusetts during the 2023 wildfire season.Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995) · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Continued climate change is increasing the frequency, severity, and duration of populations' high temperature exposures. Indoor cooling is a key adaptation, especially in urban areas, where heat extremes are intensified-the urban heat island effect (UHI)-making residential air conditioning (AC) availability critical to protecting human health. In the United States, the differences in residential AC prevalence from one metropolitan area to another is well understood, but its intra-urban variation is poorly characterized, obscuring neighborhood-scale variability in populations' heat vulnerability and adaptive capacity. We address this gap by constructing empirically derived probabilities of residential AC for 45,995 census tracts across 115 metropolitan areas. Within cities, AC is unequally distributed, with census tracts in the urban "core" exhibiting systematically lower prevalence than their suburban counterparts. Moreover, this disparity correlates strongly with multiple indicators of social vulnerability and summer daytime surface UHI intensity, highlighting the challenges that vulnerable urban populations face in adapting to climate-change driven heat stress amplification.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.