ArticleFrontiers in immunology2022
mRNA vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 induce comparably low long-term IgG Fc galactosylation and sialylation levels but increasing long-term IgG4 responses compared to an adenovirus-based vaccine.
Article in Frontiers in immunology, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 59 papers.
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59 citing papers in PubMed, 93 citations in OpenAlex.
- Vaccination-first immune priming shapes a sustained mRNA vaccine-induced IgG4 class switch that associates with SARS-CoV-2 breakthrough infection risk.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- A distinct antigen presentation pathway drives potent T cell immunity in lipid nanoparticle-based mRNA vaccines.Science advances · 2026Article
- The Imperative of Data Transparency for Pursuing Scientific Truth about COVID-19 Vaccination and Excess Deaths.JMA journal · 2026Article
- Impact of Repeated Antigen Exposure on Humoral Tolerance: Antidrug Antibodies After Single-Dose Versus Multi-dose Adalimumab.BioDrugs : clinical immunotherapeutics, biopharmaceuticals and gene therapy · 2026Article
- Immune Mechanisms and Translational Study Design in Viral Vaccine Development.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- SARS-CoV-2 mRNA XBB1.5 vaccine immunogenicity in kidney transplant recipients.Virology journal · 2026Article
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- From legacy to innovation: A comprehensive review of vaccine platforms against viral infections.Virus research · 2026Review
- Simultaneous quantification of anti-Spike IgG subclasses against various SARS-CoV-2 variants using a multiplex serological assay.Medical microbiology and immunology · 2026Article
- SARS-CoV-2 Anti-Spike IgG Subclass Titres in a Population with Prior Exposure to Perfluorooctanoic Acid (PFOA).Toxics · 2026Article
- Class switching toward IgG4 six months after primary mRNA-based COVID-19 vaccination in kidney patients.PloS one · 2026Article
- SARS-CoV-2-specific B cell responses in non-draining lymph nodes and antibody functionalities in immunized end-stage renal disease patients.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Elicitation of neutralizing antibodies and IgG4 subclass switching following booster vaccination with ancestral COVID-19 mRNA vaccines does not reduce breakthrough infections.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2025Article
- Reduced Fc-mediated antibody responses after COVID-19 mRNA vaccination in a cohort of people living with HIV-1.Scientific reports · 2025Observational
- N-Glycosylation of Antibodies: Biological Effects During Infections and Therapeutic Applications.Antibodies (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- SARS-CoV-2 breakthrough infection during pregnancy preferentially elicits IgG4 response and enhanced placental-transfer.Vaccine · 2025Article
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- Challenges to the Effectiveness and Immunogenicity of COVID-19 Vaccines: A Narrative Review with a Systematic Approach.Vaccines · 2025Review
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- Article
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Authors and funding
21 authors at 4 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Background: The new types of mRNA-containing lipid nanoparticle vaccines BNT162b2 and mRNA-1273 and the adenovirus-based vaccine AZD1222 were developed against SARS-CoV-2 and code for its spike (S) protein. Several studies have investigated short-term antibody (Ab) responses after vaccination. Objective: However, the impact of these new vaccine formats with unclear effects on the long-term Ab response - including isotype, subclass, and their type of Fc glycosylation - is less explored. Methods: Here, we analyzed anti-S Ab responses in blood serum and the saliva of SARS-CoV-2 naïve and non-hospitalized pre-infected subjects upon two vaccinations with different mRNA- and adenovirus-based vaccine combinations up to day 270. Results: We show that the initially high mRNA vaccine-induced blood and salivary anti-S IgG levels, particularly IgG1, markedly decrease over time and approach the lower levels induced with the adenovirus-based vaccine. All three vaccines induced, contrary to the short-term anti-S IgG1 response with high sialylation and galactosylation levels, a long-term anti-S IgG1 response that was characterized by low sialylation and galactosylation with the latter being even below the corresponding total IgG1 galactosylation level. Instead, the mRNA, but not the adenovirus-based vaccines induced long-term IgG4 responses - the IgG subclass with inhibitory effector functions. Furthermore, salivary anti-S IgA levels were lower and decreased faster in naïve as compared to pre-infected vaccinees. Predictively, age correlated with lower long-term anti-S IgG titers for the mRNA vaccines. Furthermore, higher total IgG1 galactosylation, sialylation, and bisection levels correlated with higher long-term anti-S IgG1 sialylation, galactosylation, and bisection levels, respectively, for all vaccine combinations. Conclusion: In summary, the study suggests a comparable "adjuvant" potential of the newly developed vaccines on the anti-S IgG Fc glycosylation, as reflected in relatively low long-term anti-S IgG1 galactosylation levels generated by the long-lived plasma cell pool, whose induction might be driven by a recently described T
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