ArticleFrontiers in immunology2022
Distinct SARS-CoV-2 RNA fragments activate Toll-like receptors 7 and 8 and induce cytokine release from human macrophages and microglia.
Article in Frontiers in immunology, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 24 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
24 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 30 citations in OpenAlex.
- Mucosal immune response in biology, disease prevention and treatment.Signal transduction and targeted therapy · 2025Pooled it
- TLR7/8 signaling balances cytokine responses in neonatal monocytes.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Endothelial Cell Activation by SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein and Its RBD: Central Player of the Immunothrobotic Response in COVID-19.Current issues in molecular biology · 2026Article
- SARS-CoV-2-Induced Macrophage Polarization Reverses HIV-1 Latency in J-Lat Cells Through TNFα Signaling.Journal of immunology research · 2026Article
- Differential Responses of Human iPSC-Derived Microglia to Stimulation with Diverse Inflammogens.Cells · 2025Article
- Activation of toll‑like receptors by non‑coding RNAs and their fragments (Review).Molecular medicine reports · 2025Review
- Pattern recognition receptor-associated immuno-thrombotic transcript changes in platelets and leukocytes with COVID19.PLoS pathogens · 2025Article
- Immunological orchestration and dysregulation in COVID-19 pneumonia: from viral pathogenesis to precision therapeutics in the post-pandemic era.Folia microbiologica · 2025Review
- Cytosolic nucleic acid sensing as driver of critical illness: mechanisms and advances in therapy.Signal transduction and targeted therapy · 2025Review
- Innate immune sensors and regulators at the blood brain barrier: focus on toll-like receptors and inflammasomes as mediators of neuro-immune crosstalk and inflammation.Journal of neuroinflammation · 2025Review
- Cyclophilin-CD147 interaction enables SARS-CoV-2 infection of human monocytes and their activation via Toll-like receptors 7 and 8.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Article
- An integrative model of pro- and anti-inflammatory signaling pathways in macrophage differentiation: the role of NF-Frontiers in immunology · 2025Article
- miR-574-5p in epigenetic regulation and Toll-like receptor signaling.Cell communication and signaling : CCS · 2024Review
- Literature review: nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) regulation in human cancers mediated by ubiquitin-specific proteases (USPs).Annals of translational medicine · 2024Review
- SARS-CoV-2 E protein interacts with BRD2 and BRD4 SEED domains and alters transcription in a different way than BET inhibition.Cellular and molecular life sciences : CMLS · 2024Article
- Impacts of Inflammatory Cytokines Variants on Systemic Inflammatory Profile and COVID-19 Severity.Journal of epidemiology and global health · 2024Article
- Effect of ethanol exposure on innate immune response in sepsis.Journal of leukocyte biology · 2024Review
- Relationship among α‑synuclein, aging and inflammation in Parkinson's disease (Review).Experimental and therapeutic medicine · 2024Review
- Article
- Impact of SARS-CoV-2 vaccination and of seasonal variations on the innate immune inflammatory response.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
10 authors at 4 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Introduction: The pandemic coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and is marked by thromboembolic events and an inflammatory response throughout the body, including the brain. Methods: Employing the machine learning approach BrainDead we systematically screened for SARS-CoV-2 genome-derived single-stranded (ss) RNA fragments with high potential to activate the viral RNA-sensing innate immune receptors Toll-like receptor (TLR)7 and/or TLR8. Analyzing HEK TLR7/8 reporter cells we tested such RNA fragments with respect to their potential to induce activation of human TLR7 and TLR8 and to activate human macrophages, as well as iPSC-derived human microglia, the resident immune cells in the brain. Results: We experimentally validated several sequence-specific RNA fragment candidates out of the SARS-CoV-2 RNA fragments predicted in silico as activators of human TLR7 and TLR8. Moreover, these SARS-CoV-2 ssRNAs induced cytokine release from human macrophages and iPSC-derived human microglia in a sequence- and species-specific fashion. Discussion: Our findings determine TLR7 and TLR8 as key sensors of SARS-CoV-2-derived ssRNAs and may deepen our understanding of the mechanisms how this virus triggers, but also modulates an inflammatory response through innate immune signaling.
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