ArticleBMC microbiology2023
Significantly different results in the ocular surface microbiome detected by tear paper and conjunctival swab.
Article in BMC microbiology, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 13 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
13 citing papers in PubMed, 12 citations in OpenAlex.
- Potential role of the ocular surface microbiome in dry eye: microbial interactions and symptom alleviation.mSystems · 2026Trial
- Conjunctival Sac-Derived Lactobacillus mucosae MM-1 Metabolite Indole-3-Lactic Acid Attenuates Lens-Induced Myopia in Mice via AHR Activation and TGF-β/Smad Inhibition.Microbial biotechnology · 2026Article
- From Health to Disease: A Comprehensive Review of Ocular Surface Microbiota and Detection Methods in Dry Eye.Current microbiology · 2026Review
- Associations between Ocular Surface Microbiome and Refractive Status in Children and Adolescents.Ophthalmology science · 2026Article
- Crosstalk between gut microbiota and RNA N6-methyladenosine modification in diabetic retinopathy.Frontiers in cell and developmental biology · 2026Review
- An interdisciplinary scoping review of the emerging impact of periocular skincare products on the ocular surface microbiome and tear film stability.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2026Article
- Sodium butyrate modulates ocular surface microbiome and attenuates inflammation of meibomian gland dysfunction in ApoEMicrobiome · 2025Article
- The Ocular Surface Microbiome in Homeostasis and Dysbiosis.Microorganisms · 2025Review
- Alterations of ocular surface microbiome in glaucoma and its association with dry eye.Journal of medical microbiology · 2025Article
- Remodelling of the healthy foal's conjunctival microbiome in the first two months of life.Journal of veterinary research · 2025Article
- Sequencing the ocular surface microbiome: a review of methodological practices and considerations.Frontiers in ophthalmology · 2025Review
- High-throughput sequencing reveals differences in microbial community structure and diversity in the conjunctival tissue of healthy and type 2 diabetic mice.BMC microbiology · 2024Article
- Unique composition of ocular surface microbiome in the old patients with dry eye and diabetes mellitus in a community from Shanghai, China.BMC microbiology · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundGreat variation has been observed in the composition of the normal microbiota of the ocular surface, and therefore, in addition to differences in detection techniques, the method of collecting ocular surface specimens has a significant impact on the test results.The goal of this study is to ascertain whether the eye surface microbial communities detected by two different sampling methods are consistent and hence explore the feasibility of using tear test paper instead of conjunctival swabs to collect eye surface samples for microbial investigation. MATERIALS AND
methodsFrom July 15, 2021, to July 30, 2021, nonirritating tear test strips and conjunctival swabs of both eyes were used in 158 elderly people (> 60 years old) (79 diabetic and 79 nondiabetic adults) in Xinjing Community for high-throughput sequencing of the V3-V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene. The composition of the microbial communities in tear test paper and conjunctival swab samples was analyzed.
resultsThere was no statistically significant difference in Alpha diversity of ocular surface microorganisms represented by tear strip and conjunctival swab in diabetic group (P > 0.05), but there was statistically significant difference in Alpha diversity of ocular surface microorganisms detected by tear strip and conjunctival swab in nondiabetic group (P < 0.05). There were statistically significant differences in Beta diversity of ocular surface microorganisms detected by two sampling methods between diabetic group and nondiabetic group (P < 0.05). There were statistically significant differences in ocular surface microorganisms detected by tear strip method between diabetic group and nondiabetic group (P < 0.05), but there was no statistically significant difference in conjunctival swab method (P > 0.05).
conclusionsTear test paper and conjunctival swabs detect different compositions of microbes through two different techniques of eye surface microbe sampling. Tear test paper cannot completely replace conjunctival swab specimens for the study of microbes related to eye surface diseases.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.